{"id":472,"date":"2011-06-03T08:42:07","date_gmt":"2011-06-03T15:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/?p=472"},"modified":"2022-11-15T19:37:35","modified_gmt":"2022-11-15T14:07:35","slug":"until-berta-and-ernst-scharrer-establishedgmatprep","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/until-berta-and-ernst-scharrer-establishedgmatprep\/","title":{"rendered":"Until Berta and Ernst Scharrer established\u2026GMATPrep"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">A <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min read <\/span><\/span>\n<address>Until Berta and Ernst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928, scientists believed that either cells secreted hormones, which made them endocrine cells and thus part of the endocrine system, or conducted electrical impulses, in which case they were nerve cells and thus part of the nervous system.<\/address>\n\n\n\n<address>(A) either cells secreted hormones, which made them<\/address>\n\n\n\n<address>(B) either cells secreted hormones, making them<\/address>\n\n\n\n<address>(C) either cells secreted hormones and were<\/address>\n\n\n\n<address>(D) cells either secreted hormones, in which case they were<\/address>\n\n\n\n<address>(E) cells either secreted hormones, which made them<\/address>\n\n\n\n<address>&nbsp;<\/address>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-does-this-question-test\">What does this question test?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This question tests your ability to establish parallel comparisons. &nbsp;It also tests your understanding of modifiers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-does-this-sentence-mean\">What does this sentence mean?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This sentence presents a few facts about the understanding of the cells in human body. &nbsp;It states that in 1928 two scientists established a certain concept. &nbsp;Before this concept of neurosecretion was established, scientists had a limited vision of the cells. Cell played one of the two roles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>secreted hormones, making them endocrine cells and hence part of the endocrine system<\/li><li>conducted electrical impulses, making them nerve cells and hence part of the nervous system<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-the-errors-in-the-original-sentence\">What are the errors in the original sentence?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Clause 1: &nbsp;Until Berta and Ernst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928,<\/li><li>Clause 2: &nbsp;scientists believed<\/li><li>Clause 3: &nbsp;that either cells\n<ul>\n<li>secreted hormones,\n<ul>\n<li>Clause 4: &nbsp;which made them endocrine cells and thus part of the endocrine system, or<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>conducted electrical impulses,\n<ul>\n<li>Clause 5: &nbsp;in which case they were nerve cells and thus part of the nervous system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This sentence has 2 errors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Parallelism Error<\/span>: The sentence contains a list as indicated by the use of marker words \u2013 either..or.Part of the list is underlined and part of it is non-underlined. &nbsp;Thus, the non-underlined part of the list determines the structure of the list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Element 1: &nbsp;Either cells secreted hormones<\/li><li>Element 2: &nbsp;or conducted electrical impulses<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The list should be made parallel by moving \u201ccells\u201d before \u201ceither\u201d so that it applies for the \u201cor\u201d portion of the list as well. &nbsp;This way \u201ccells\u201d will be considered common for both elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Modifier Error<\/span>: \u00a0Clause 4 is a relative pronoun modifier. \u00a0\u201cwhich\u201d modifier modifies the closest noun. In this case it modifies \u201chormones\u201d. \u00a0This is non-sensical since hormones did not make the cells endocrine cells. \u00a0It is the fact that the cells secreted hormones that make the cells endocrine cells. \u00a0Thus, in this sentence, which is intended to modify the action of the preceding clause, but this is not the function of a \u201cwhich\u201d modifier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong><em>Loved the solution? <a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/ft-gmat\/?channel=blogsin_article&amp;utm_source=blogs&amp;utm_medium=in_article&amp;utm_campaign=free_trial&amp;utm_content=gmat&amp;utm_term=blogs_in_article_ctrl_gmat_test_date\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener noreferrer\">Take a free trial<\/a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;get unlimited access to concept files, live sessions, and practice questions.&nbsp;For any strategic advice for GMAT or MBA Admissions, write to us at&nbsp;<a href=\"mailto:acethegmat@e-gmat.com\">acethegmat@e-gmat.com<\/a>. We are the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/gmatclub.com\/reviews\/e-gmat-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener external\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">most reviewed GMAT prep company on GMATClub<\/a> with more than 2400+ reviews<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-3edce027-c4a4-4f28-adcf-d0625cf4a94a\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/resources.e-gmat.com\/sign-up-free-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: #000000; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #cf2e2e; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-radius: 60px; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-icon-holder\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"30\" width=\"30\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M0 256a256 256 0 1 0 512 0A256 256 0 1 0 0 256zM281 385c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0s-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l71-71L136 280c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24l182.1 0-71-71c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9s24.6-9.4 33.9 0L393 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L281 385z\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t<\/span><span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Get free GMAT resources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/resources.e-gmat.com\/take-sigma-x-mock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main  \" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #ff6900; --ub-button-hover-color: #000000; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-radius: 60px; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-icon-holder\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"30\" width=\"30\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L370.7 256 233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160zm-352 160l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L178.7 256 41.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0z\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t<\/span><span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Take a free mock<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-answer-choice-analysis\">Answer Choice Analysis:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Choice B<\/span>: &nbsp;This choice has <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">parallelism error<\/span> as discussed in Choice A. &nbsp;The modifier error in this choice has been corrected by converting the \u201cwhich modifier\u201d into a \u201cverb-ing modifier\u201d which now can modify the preceding clause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Choice C<\/span>: &nbsp;This choice also has <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">parallelism error<\/span> as discussed in Choice A. &nbsp;In addition this choice <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">changes the intended meaning<\/span> of the sentence. &nbsp;In the original sentence, the action of secreting hormones made the cells part of endocrine system. &nbsp;In this choice, the two facts are listed as independent facts \u2013 cells secreted hormones and cells were part of endocrine system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Choice D<\/span>: &nbsp;No errors. &nbsp;Both errors in choice A have been corrected. &nbsp;In choice D, the modifier is now \u201cin which case\u201d. &nbsp;Note that this wording is a repeat of the wording in the element 2 of the list (in non-underlined portion of the sentence). &nbsp;Moreover, in this case, \u201cwhich\u201d in \u201cin which case\u201d refers to \u201ccase\u201d and not the preceding noun \u2013 hormones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Choice E<\/span>: &nbsp;This choice has <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">modifier error<\/span> as discussed in Choice A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, Choice D is the correct answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-the-key-take-away-messages\">What are the key take-away messages?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>List in a sentence should be made parallel. Order and positioning of words should be consistent in a list.<\/li><li>Noun modifiers such as \u201cwhich modifier\u201d can only modify nouns. &nbsp;They cannot modify preceding clauses or the actions in the clauses.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-where-can-you-find-more-information\">Where can you find more information?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Register at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/register.php\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener noreferrer\">e-gmat<\/a> to access Sentence Correction free trial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong><em>Loved the solution? <a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/ft-gmat\/?channel=blogsin_article&amp;utm_source=blogs&amp;utm_medium=in_article&amp;utm_campaign=free_trial&amp;utm_content=gmat&amp;utm_term=blogs_in_article_ctrl_gmat_test_date\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external noopener noreferrer\">Take a free trial<\/a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;get unlimited access to concept files, live sessions, and practice questions.&nbsp;For any strategic advice for GMAT or MBA Admissions, write to us at&nbsp;<a href=\"mailto:acethegmat@e-gmat.com\">acethegmat@e-gmat.com<\/a>. We are the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/gmatclub.com\/reviews\/e-gmat-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener external\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">most reviewed GMAT prep company on GMATClub<\/a> with more than 2400+ reviews<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-494daaa0-08c8-4be4-99d6-e7dada01545b\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/resources.e-gmat.com\/sign-up-free-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: #000000; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #cf2e2e; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-radius: 60px; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-icon-holder\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"30\" width=\"30\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M0 256a256 256 0 1 0 512 0A256 256 0 1 0 0 256zM281 385c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0s-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l71-71L136 280c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24l182.1 0-71-71c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9s24.6-9.4 33.9 0L393 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L281 385z\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t<\/span><span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Get free GMAT resources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/resources.e-gmat.com\/take-sigma-x-mock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main  \" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #ff6900; --ub-button-hover-color: #000000; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-radius: 60px; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-icon-holder\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"30\" width=\"30\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L370.7 256 233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160zm-352 160l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L178.7 256 41.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0z\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t<\/span><span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Take a free mock<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Until Berta and Ernst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928, scientists believed that either cells secreted hormones, which made them endocrine cells and thus part of the endocrine system, or conducted electrical impulses, in which case they were nerve cells and thus part of the nervous system. (A) either cells secreted hormones, which [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":41486,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44,94,107],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-472","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gmat-official-guide-solutions","category-gmat-prep","category-gmat-sc-og-solutions","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/GMAT-SC-OG-Solution.png","author_info":{"display_name":"e-GMAT","author_link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/author\/administrator\/"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Until Berta and Ernst 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