{"id":3577,"date":"2014-03-15T09:57:16","date_gmt":"2014-03-15T16:57:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/?p=3577"},"modified":"2014-03-31T05:33:36","modified_gmt":"2014-03-31T12:33:36","slug":"ellipses-in-comparison-use-of-helping-verbs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/ellipses-in-comparison-use-of-helping-verbs\/","title":{"rendered":"Ellipses in Comparison \u2013 Use of Helping Verbs"},"content":{"rendered":"A <\/span> 8<\/span> min read <\/span><\/span>
\n

\"\"<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Before we get started with the grammatical nuances of this topic \u2013 how far we can keep the words understood \u2013 let\u2019s do a little exercise here. Which of these sentences are correct?<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. John has more love for money than his wife.<\/li>\n
  2. John cooks better pizza than his wife.<\/li>\n
  3. John is scared of ghosts more than his wife.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Pretty simple sentences, right? So you got them all right? Well, let me tell you that only the second here is correct. Read on to know why.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \n

    Ambiguous Comparison<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n

    All the three above mentioned sentences present comparison. The structure of all the three are also the same. But still, only the second sentence is correct. This is so because only the second sentence presents clear comparison. The first and third sentences present ambiguous comparison.<\/p>\n

    Let\u2019s first study the first sentence:<\/p>\n

    SIMPLE SENTENCE 1: <\/strong>John has more love for money than his wife.<\/h6>\n

    We can actually infer two meanings from this sentence:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u00a0<\/strong>Meaning 1: <\/strong>John loves both money and his wife. But he loves money more. So <\/span>entities compared<\/strong> here are <\/span>\u201cmoney\u201d<\/strong> and <\/span>\u201chis wife\u201d<\/strong><\/strong>\"\"\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Meaning 2: <\/strong>Both and John and his wife love money. But between the two, John loves it more. So the entities compared here <\/span>\u201cJohn\u201d<\/strong> and <\/span>\u201chis wife\u201d<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span>\"\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Why Ambiguity \u2013 <\/strong>This sentence is ambiguous because both the comparisons are possible. While \u201cmoney\u201d<\/strong> and \u201chis wife\u201d<\/strong> are comparable (John is so materialistic, you may say.J) in the first inferred meaning, \u201cJohn\u201d<\/strong> and \u201chis wife\u201d <\/strong>are also <\/strong>totally comparable. Both these possible comparisons make this sentence ambiguous and incorrect.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      The same is the case with the third sentence. Let\u2019s see how:<\/p>\n

      SIMPLE SENTENCE 3: <\/strong>John is scared of ghosts more than his wife.<\/strong><\/h6>\n

      Again, we can infer two meanings here:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Meaning 1: <\/strong>John is scared of both ghosts and his wife. But he is more scared of ghosts. So <\/span>entities compared<\/strong> here are <\/span>\u201cghosts\u201d<\/strong> and <\/span>\u201chis wife\u201d<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span>\"\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          \n
        • Meaning 2: <\/strong>Both and John and his wife are scared of ghosts. But between the two, John is more scared of ghosts. (Coward John J) So the entities compared here <\/span>\u201cJohn\u201d<\/strong> and <\/span>\u201chis wife\u201d<\/strong>.
          \n\"\"\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong>Why Ambiguity \u2013 <\/strong>The reason is the same as the first sentence. Both the comparisons are possible and that makes the sentence ambiguous and incorrect.<\/span><\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          However this ambiguity does not touch the second sentence. This is how:<\/p>\n

          \u00a0SIMPLE SENTENCE 2: <\/strong>John cooks better pizza than his wife.<\/h6>\n

          Meaning:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          <\/strong>There is no question of two comparisons here. We just cannot say that John cooks better pizza than he cooks his wife (unless he is a cannibal J). This comparison is just not logical. Hence we have just one comparison here. John and his wife both cook pizza. But John is better in doing that. <\/strong><\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Many a times a word or words are not repeated and kept\r\nunderstood in a sentence. This omission is called Ellipses.\r\nWe choose to omit those words that have already appeared\r\nin the sentence to keep the sentence short and precise.\r\nHowever, words must be omitted only to a point where\r\nthe sentence does not become ambiguous.<\/pre>\n
           <\/p>\n
          So we see that despite same structures, while the second sentence is absolutely clear in its meaning and comparison, the other two suffers from ambiguity problem.<\/p>\n
           <\/p>\n
           <\/p>\n
           <\/p>\n
           <\/p>\n
           <\/p>\n
          \n
          Blame it on Ellipses<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n
          The reason why there is ambiguity in the first and the third sentence is that there are some words missing from both these sentences and these omissions have led to ambiguity in the meaning.<\/p>\n
           <\/p>\n
          In the two ambiguous sentences, the words have been omitted to the extent to make the sentence ambiguous. Let\u2019s see what went wrong in the two ambiguous sentences:<\/p>\n
          SIMPLE SENTENCE 1: <\/strong>John loves money more than his wife.<\/h6>\n
          The comparison in this sentence is ambiguous as it may have two meanings. So if we want to communicate Meaning 1, <\/strong>where the intended comparison is between \u201cmoney\u201d<\/strong> and \u201chis wife\u201d<\/strong>, then the sentence must be written this way:<\/p>\n
           <\/p>\n
            \n
          • John has more love for money than for<\/strong> his wife.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            This sentence clarifies the intended comparison. The comparison has been clarified by the insertion of the preposition \u201cfor\u201d. Notice that this preposition already appears in the sentence before \u201cfor\u201d, but it is imperative to repeat it before \u201chis wife\u201d also to clarify the intended comparison. The omission of preposition led to the ambiguity in the sentence even if \u201cfor\u201d already exists in the sentence.<\/p>\n
             <\/p>\n
            If we want to communicate Meaning 2, <\/strong>where the intended comparison is between \u201cJohn\u201d<\/strong> and \u201chis wife\u201d<\/strong>, then the sentence must be written this way:<\/p>\n
              \n
            • John has more love for money than has<\/strong> his wife.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              In this sentence also, we see that even if \u201chas\u201d is already present once, we need to repeat \u201chas\u201d again before \u201chis wife\u201d to clarify the ambiguity in comparison.<\/p>\n
               <\/p>\n
              Now let\u2019s see how we can correct the other sentence.<\/p>\n
              SIMPLE SENTENCE 3: <\/strong>John is scared of ghosts more than his wife.<\/h6>\n
              Same as the first sentence, we want to convey Meaning 1, <\/strong>where the intended comparison is between \u201cghosts\u201d<\/strong> and \u201chis wife\u201d<\/strong>, then the sentence must be written this way:<\/p>\n
                \n
              • John is scared of ghosts more than of <\/strong>his wife.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                Insertion of omitted \u201cof\u201d before \u201chis wife\u201d is all we need to clarify the intended comparison in this sentence even if \u201cof\u201d is already present in the sentence. Removal of this word leads to an ambiguous incorrect sentence.<\/p>\n
                 <\/p>\n
                 <\/p>\n
                If we want to communicate Meaning 2, <\/strong>where the intended comparison is between \u201cJohn\u201d<\/strong> and \u201chis wife\u201d<\/strong>, then the sentence must be written this way:<\/p>\n
                  \n
                • John is scared of ghosts more than is <\/strong>his wife.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                  Repeating the helping verb \u201cis\u201d before \u201chis wife\u201d makes the intended comparison clear. Even if this word is already present in the sentence, we saw how removal of this word led to ambiguous sentence.<\/p>\n
                   <\/p>\n
                   <\/p>\n
                   <\/p>\n
                   <\/p>\n
                   <\/p>\n
                  \n
                  Takeaway<\/h1>\n
                    \n
                  1. Choose the answer choice that conveys intended unambiguous comparison.<\/li>\n
                  2. When the sentence conveys ambiguous comparison, repeat either the preposition or the helping verb to convey the intended meaning.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
                     <\/p>\n
                    Official Example#1<\/span><\/h2>\n
                    Let\u2019s see how we can apply this knowledge to solve official questions that test this concept. Here comes the first official question<\/p>\n
                    OFFICIAL EXAMPLE:<\/span><\/strong> Let us take a look at this OGV2#103<\/span><\/strong> question:<\/p>\n
                    Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than<\/span> Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.<\/p>\n
                      \n
                    1. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than<\/li>\n
                    2. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than<\/li>\n
                    3. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were<\/li>\n
                    4. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were<\/li>\n
                    5. in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                      Let\u2019s first understand what this sentence is conveying.<\/p>\n
                      Meaning Analysis:<\/strong><\/h5>\n
                        \n
                      • Sentence presents comparison.<\/li>\n
                      • It says that Inuits of Bering Sea were isolated from contact longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        Error Analysis:<\/strong><\/h5>\n
                        1. This sentence resembles the core structure of the three sentences that we saw right in the beginning of the article. The way this sentence is written, we can infer two meanings:<\/p>\n
                          \n
                        • Meaning 1: <\/strong>Inuits of the Bering sea were isolated from both Europeans and Inuits of the NP and NA. But they were in isolation for longer with Europeans. So the entity compared here are <\/span>\u201cEuropeans\u201d <\/strong>and <\/span>\u201cInuits of the NP and NA\u201d<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • Meaning 2: <\/strong>Both kinds of Inuits were isolated from Europeans. But Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation for longer. So the entity compared here are <\/span>\u201cInuits of the Bering Sea\u201d <\/strong>and <\/span>\u201cthe Inuits of the NP and NA\u201d<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                          Both these comparisons are possible because all the three entities \u201cInuits of the Bering Sea\u201d, \u201cthe Inuits of the NP and NA\u201d <\/strong>and, \u201cEuropeans\u201d. <\/strong>So at this point it is not possible to say what the intended comparison is.<\/p>\n
                            \n
                          • What we do know now is that if the intended comparison is between \u201cEuropeans\u201d <\/strong>and \u201cInuits of the NP and NA\u201d<\/strong>, then we need the preposition \u201cwith\u201d<\/strong> before \u201cInuits of the NP and NA\u201d<\/strong>. This will clarify the comparison.<\/li>\n
                          • If the intended comparison is between \u201cInuits of the Bering Sea\u201d <\/strong>and \u201cthe Inuits of the NP and NA\u201d<\/strong>, then we need the helping verb \u201cwere\u201d<\/strong> before \u201cInuits of the NP and NA\u201d<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                            2. Another error in this sentence is the idiom error. Phrase \u201cin isolation from contact\u201d is not grammatical.<\/p>\n
                            So let\u2019s now do the PoE<\/strong> to see which comparison is intended.<\/p>\n
                              \n
                            1. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than: Incorrect<\/strong> for the reason stated above.<\/li>\n
                            2. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than: Incorrect<\/strong> for repeating the same ambiguous comparison error as in choice A, although the idiom error has been corrected.<\/li>\n
                            3. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were: Incorrect<\/strong> for incorrect idiom. However, notice that the comparison is clear here. Insertion of the helping verb \u201cwere\u201d<\/strong> makes it clear that the choice intends to compare Inuits of the Bering Sea\u201d <\/strong>and \u201cthe Inuits of the NP and NA\u201d<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                            4. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were: Correct.<\/strong> The helping verb \u201cwere\u201d<\/strong> clarifies the comparison.<\/li>\n
                            5. in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than: Incorrect<\/strong> for repeating the same ambiguous comparison error as in choice A. Also, this choice changes the meaning by saying that Inuits were \u201cin isolation\u201d also and they were \u201cwithout contacts with Europeans\u201d also.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                               <\/p>\n
                               <\/p>\n
                              \n
                              Thing to remember<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n
                              So we have learnt that we need to repeat some words in a sentence for clear unambiguous comparison even if that word is already present in the sentence.<\/p>\n
                               <\/p>\n
                              Now in a sentence in which comparison is clear, repeating the preposition or the helping word will not be wrong. Let\u2019s look at sentence two here.<\/p>\n
                               <\/p>\n
                              SIMPLE SENTENCE 2: <\/strong>John cooks better pizza than his wife.<\/h6>\n
                               <\/p>\n
                              Ellipsis does not lead to ambiguity in meaning or comparison in this sentence. However, the sentence will still not be incorrect if we write it the following way:<\/p>\n
                                \n
                              • John cooks better pizza than does <\/strong>his wife.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                So, even if the helping word \u201cdoes\u201d <\/strong>is not written in this sentence, the comparison is clear, However, repeating \u201cdoes\u201d <\/strong>does not make this sentence incorrect. In case of clear comparisons, repeating the helping verb or the preposition is OPTIONAL.<\/p>\n
                                \n
                                Practice Official Question#1<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
                                Solve this question from GMAT Prep.<\/p>\n
                                 <\/p>\n
                                Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies’ common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to conserve cash, to set dividends more conservatively that they were.<\/span><\/address>\n
                                 <\/p>\n
                                  \n
                                1. to set dividends more conservatively than they were<\/li>\n
                                2. to set dividends more conservatively than they have been<\/li>\n
                                3. to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividends<\/li>\n
                                4. that they will be more conservative than they were in setting dividends<\/li>\n
                                5. that they will be more conservative than they have been to set dividends<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                  \n
                                  Practice Official Question#2<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
                                  Solve this question fresh from the oven of e-gmat.<\/p>\n
                                   <\/p>\n
                                  After comparing the Neanderthal DNA to the same stretch of DNA from human mitochondria and to equivalent chimpanzee DNA, geneticists have found that the Neanderthal DNA was more similar to human DNA than chimp DNA<\/span>.<\/address>\n
                                   <\/p>\n
                                    \n
                                  1. have found that the Neanderthal DNA was more similar to human DNA than chimp DNA<\/li>\n
                                  2. might find that the Neanderthal DNA was more similar to human than chimp<\/li>\n
                                  3. have found that the Neanderthal\u2019s was more similar to human than chimp\u2019s<\/li>\n
                                  4. have found that the Neanderthal DNA was more similar to human DNA than to chimp DNA<\/li>\n
                                  5. found that the Neanderthal DNA was more similar than human DNA and chimp DNA<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                                    Before we get started with the grammatical nuances of this topic \u2013 how far we can keep the words understood \u2013 let\u2019s do a little exercise here. Which of these sentences are correct? John has more love for money than his wife. John cooks better pizza than his wife. John is scared of ghosts more […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":79663,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"Juhi Gupta","author_link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/author\/juhie-gmat-com\/"},"yoast_head":"\nEllipses in Comparison \u2013 Use of Helping Verbs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/ellipses-in-comparison-use-of-helping-verbs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ellipses in Comparison \u2013 Use of Helping Verbs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Before we get started with the grammatical nuances of this topic \u2013 how far we can keep the words understood \u2013 let\u2019s do a little exercise here. 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\u2013 how far we can keep the words understood \u2013 let\u2019s do a little exercise here. 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