{"id":3476,"date":"2014-03-14T10:25:44","date_gmt":"2014-03-14T17:25:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/?p=3476"},"modified":"2016-06-17T06:57:49","modified_gmt":"2016-06-17T13:57:49","slug":"verb-ed-forms-verbs-or-modifiers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/verb-ed-forms-verbs-or-modifiers\/","title":{"rendered":"Verb-ed Forms \u2013 Verbs or Modifiers"},"content":{"rendered":"A <\/span> 9<\/span> min read <\/span><\/span>
\n

\"\"<\/h1>\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and root like tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending<\/span> for more than\u00a030 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This is probably one of the most discussed problems in GMAT Verbal SC section. This sentence is a cake walk for those who understand verb-ing and verb-ed modifiers thoroughly, and is confusing to the hilt for those who have just started to learn these concepts. The tactfully crafted answer choices of this problem keep bringing this question on various forums for discussion and detailed explanation. So let\u2019s take a look at those interesting answer choices:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. extending<\/em><\/li>\n
  2. extends<\/em><\/li>\n
  3. extended<\/em><\/li>\n
  4. it extended<\/em><\/li>\n
  5. is extending<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    In the first glimpse, the sentence looks simple and easy. You scan the sentence, discover the word \u201cspawned\u201d, look at conjunction and<\/em>, think, \u201cOh! Parallelism dude. How simple!\u201d, mark Choice C. But all the excitement is robbed off by the Answer Key page that says Choice A is the correct answer.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    So where did you go wrong?\u00a0 Is not spawned<\/em>\u00a0and extended<\/em>\u00a0grammatically parallel? They both have the same structure. The instinct (especially of the non-natives) is to believe that words with \u201ced\u201d are simple past tense verbs. So if you took spawned<\/em> to be the simple past tense verb, you looked for the same for extending<\/em> and marked extended<\/em>. You got the incorrect answer.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    After a few days of GMAT study, the concept of \u201cverb-ed\u201d modifiers is introduced. So you know that verb-ed words can be verb-ed modifiers as well. So even if you thought that spawned<\/em>\u00a0is a verb-ed modifier and \u201cextended\u201d should also be the verb-ed modifier because it is absolutely parallel to \u201cspawned\u201d, you selected \u201cextended\u201d just to know that you committed a mistake.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \n

    Verb-ed \u2013 Can be Simple past tense or modifier<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n

    So, what is happening in this sentence? Extended<\/em> fits as simple past tense verb as well as verb-ed modifier and looks parallel to spawned<\/em>. Then how can extended<\/em> be incorrect both ways? Well, confusion is bound to happen when one word can assume more than one role in different sentences, depending on the context in which they are used. Spawned<\/em> and extended<\/em> can be used as simple past tense verb as well as modifiers. The challenge in the question is to determine whether spawned<\/em> and extended<\/em>\u00a0are verb-ed modifiers or just the simple past tense verb and then decide in what form should extended be used.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Let us study extended<\/em> first. The root word is extend<\/em> the past tense of which is extended<\/em>.\u00a0To determine the same, let\u2019s examine two simple examples:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. The company extended the training period for the interns. \u2013 extended<\/em> = simple past tense verb<\/li>\n
    2. The training period extended for unknown reasons will include more sessions. \u00a0\u2013 extended =<\/em>\u00a0verb-ed modifier<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Let’s analyze the meaning of sentence a. The sentence clearly conveys that that the company did the job of extending the training period for the interns. The word <\/span>extended<\/em>\u00a0works as a verb in this sentence.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Sentence b means that the training period will include more sessions than before. Also, this training period has been extended for reasons not know. In this sentence, the verb is will include. Extended<\/em>\u00a0is the verb-ed modifier that is giving additional information about the training period<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      So through these two examples, we see that the same word extended<\/em> can work as a verb and as a modifier, depending upon how it has been used in the sentence. In fact, most of the words can be written as a verb as well as a modifier if we add \u201ced\u201d to them. Spawned<\/em> is also one of them.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      If you want to know how to tell whether a verb-ed word is a simple past tense verb or a modifier, read in the following section about this simple test that will never fail you.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \n

      Litmus test<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n

      There is a simple test we can perform to find out whether the verb-ed is a verb in simple past tense or the verb-ed modifier. Here is the test:<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Let\u2019s have another look at both the examples above:<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a. The company extended the training period for the interns.<\/em><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Now, the verbs are generally placed near the subjects because the subjects are the doers of the action denoted by the verb.\u00a0\u00a0The subject of the sentence above is The company<\/em>. Now ask yourself, \u201cIs the subject the doer of the verb?\u201d In other words, did the company extend the training. The answer is yes,<\/em> it did. The Subject Verb pair makes sense. Hence, in this sentence, extended<\/em> is used as a verb in simple past.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      b. The training period extended for unknown reasons will include new sessions.<\/em><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      The subject here is The training period<\/em>. The next word is the verb-ed extended<\/em>. Is it a verb or a modifier? Ask this question: \u201cDid the training period<\/em>\u00a0do the action of extending<\/em>? The answer is No<\/em>. The action of extension was not done by the training period<\/em>. In other words, the Subject-Verb pair does not make sense. This tells you that extended<\/em> is a verb-ed modifier here and not the verb.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      You can always ask the question if the action denoted by the verb placed after the noun entity has been performed by that noun entity or not. If the answer is yes<\/em>, then it is a verb, else it is a modifier.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Now let us apply this test on the \u201cgiant fungus\u201d. After cutting the flab, this is the core that we get:<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u2026a giant fungus\u2026 spawned by a single fertilized pore some 10,000 years ago\u2026<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      So let\u2019s ask, did a giant fungus<\/em>\u00a0do the action of spawning<\/em>? The answer is no<\/em> because it is clearly mentioned in the sentence that the action of spawning was done by a single fertilized pore<\/em>. Hence, it is confirmed that spawned<\/em> is a verb-ed modifier.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Next we need to determine if extended<\/em> will actually be parallel to spawned<\/em>. Note that extended<\/em> CAN be a verb-ed modifier. However, we need to find out if this form works in this sentence:<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u2026a giant fungus\u2026 extended for more than\u00a030 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Did a giant fungus<\/em> do the job of extension? Yes<\/em>, it did. It is the giant fungus that extends for more than 30 acres. This means that extended<\/em> will work as a simple past tense verb in this sentence. This is the reason why extended<\/em> is incorrect answer because a verb CANNOT be parallel to a verb-ed modifier, even if they have the identical structure.<\/p>\n

      EXERCISE 1<\/h5>\n

      Identify whether the underlined words are verbs or verb-ed modifiers.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Like birds today, Archaeopteryx had feathers that were fully formed<\/span>.<\/li>\n
      2. Our powers of color vision derive from cells in our eyes called<\/span> cones, three types in all, each triggered<\/span> by different wavelengths of light.<\/li>\n
      3. As Joel\u00a0 Bregman hoped<\/span>, dozens of young stars turned<\/span> up in each of the three dead galaxies\u2014and as an added<\/span> surprise, they even appeared<\/span> in Messier 105.<\/li>\n
      4. Dark matter might actually be produced at the energies explored<\/span> by the world\u2019s most powerful particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).<\/li>\n
      5. A leader\u00a0guided<\/span>\u00a0by sound principles\u00a0earned<\/span>\u00a0immense respect from the masses.<\/li>\n
      6. A company\u00a0founded<\/span>\u00a0on sound business principles achieves much higher success.<\/li>\n
      7. The lamp\u00a0decorated<\/span>\u00a0with stars\u00a0filled<\/span>\u00a0the child\u2019s room with innocent beauty.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Correct these sentences if you feel they are incorrect.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. The lamp decorated the child\u2019s room filled his room with innocent beauty.<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. A leader guided his followers earned immense respect from the masses.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          (PS: For solutions, please scroll down)<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          \n

          How Verb-ed Modifier is derived<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n

          This section is for those who have the grammarian like quest for knowledge. We will explain here in detail how verb-ed modifiers are derived. This knowledge is not imperative to take the GMAT, but is more for personal understanding as to why verb-ed modifiers work the way they do. So let\u2019s bring the sentence with verb-ed modifier back here:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • The training period extended for unknown reasons will include new sessions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Now this sentence can be written as:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • The training period that has been extended for unknown reasons will include new sessions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              So, we have a relative pronoun clause here that is written in present perfect tense in passive voice. Per the grammar rules, verb-ed modifiers are derived by removing \u201cthe relative pronoun\u201d and \u201cthe helping verb\u201d (is\/are\/am\/was\/were). Hence we derive:<\/p>\n

              \n

              that has been extended for unknown reasons = has been extended for unknown reasons = extended for unknown reasons<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Let\u2019s take another example:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • A good leader who is followed by the mass and (who) is respected for his benevolent qualities is always remembered for several generations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                So here we have two relative clauses with passive verbs \u201cis followed\u201d and \u201cis respected\u201d. Let\u2019s turn both of them into verb-ed modifiers.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \n

                  Who is followed by the mass = is followed by the mass = followed by the mass<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n

                2. \n

                  Who is respected for his benevolent qualities = is respected for his benevolent qualities = respected for his benevolent qualities<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    \n
                  • \u00a0A good leader followed by the mass and respected for his benevolent qualities, is always remembered for several generations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Notice that active voice verbs in relative pronoun clause cannot be turned into verb-ed modifiers. Let\u2019s try this:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • A leader who guides his followers honestly earns immense respect from the mass.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      If we apply the rule to derive verb-ed modifier here, this is what we will get:<\/p>\n

                      \n

                      Who guides his followers = guides his followers<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      Notice the limitation with the sentence having a relative pronoun in active voice and simple present tense. There is no question of getting verb-ed modifier here because originally there is no verb-ed word in this sentence.<\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      This method will not work even if we change the tense of the above sentence:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • A leader who guided his followers honestly earned immense respect from the mass.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \u00a0Who guided his followers = guided his followers<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        Now let\u2019s put this verb-ed modifier phrase in the sentence:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • A leader guided his followers honestly earned immense respect from the mass.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          No need to say that this sentence is incorrect because guided<\/em> is the simple past tense verb and not a verb-ed modifier. earned<\/em> again is a verb . So this sentence has two verbs that are not connected properly. We landed up with this disaster because we tried to make the verb-ed modifier out of the verb in active voice in the relative clause.<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          \n

                          How can this help you answer GMAT SC?<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n

                          People who are fluent in the language do not need to know the basics behind the derivation of the verb-ed modifiers because they intuitively know that sentence 1 is correct but sentence 2 is incorrect.\u00a0 They may not be able to pin point the reason for the same, but they can distinguish right from wrong.\u00a0 But people who are not that fluent in this language may get confused about the above.\u00a0 For example, one of the students asked me the following question about OG12#85:<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          Can I omit \u201cthat\u201d from this sentence or is \u201cthat\u201d required?<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations \u2026<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          The answer = \u201cthat\u201d is required<\/strong> because if you omit it, the sentence will be a run-on sentence.\u00a0 But consider another version of this sentence:<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that<\/strong> was destroyed multiple times by flooding of Indus river\u2026<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          Now in this sentence, \u201cthat\u201d can be omitted<\/strong> (obviously along with \u201cwas\u201d)<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization destroyed multiple times by flooding of Indus river\u2026<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          In essence, this information helps build your knowledge about the sentence structure, which in turn results in more solid foundation.<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          \n

                          Solutions<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n

                          Identify whether the underlined words are verbs or verb-ed modifiers.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Like birds today, Archaeopteryx had feathers that were fully formed<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Formed = simple past tense verb. In the relative pronoun clause, \u201cthat\u201d is the subject that stands for \u201cfeathers\u201d and the verb for this subject is \u201cwere formed\u201d.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Our powers of color vision are derived from cells in our eyes called<\/span> cones, three types in all, each triggered<\/span> by different wavelengths of light.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              Called & triggered = verb-ed modifier<\/p>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              Litmus Test:<\/strong> Did eyes<\/em> do the action of calling<\/em>? No. Hence, it\u2019s a modifier.<\/p>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              Did each<\/em> do the job of triggering<\/em>? No. Different wavelengths of light did that job. Hence, triggered<\/em> is a modifier.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • As Joel Bregman hoped<\/span>, dozens of young stars turned<\/span> up in each of the three dead galaxies\u2014and as an added<\/span> surprise, they even appeared<\/span> in Messier 105.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                Hoped, turned<\/em> & appeared<\/em> = simple past tense verbs for subjects Joel Bregman<\/em>, dozens of young stars<\/em>\u00a0and they<\/em>\u00a0respectively.<\/p>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                Added<\/em> = modifier that modifies surprise<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • Dark matter might actually be produced at the energies explored<\/span> by the world\u2019s most powerful particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  Explored<\/em> = verb-ed modifier<\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                  Litmus Test:<\/strong> Will the energies<\/em>\u00a0do the job of exploring<\/em>? No. The world\u2019s most powerful particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider might do that action. Hence, explored<\/em> is the modifier.<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • A leader guided<\/span> by sound principles earned<\/span> immense respect from the masses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    Guided<\/em> = verb-ed modifier, earned<\/em> = simple past tense verb for the subject A leader<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                                     <\/p>\n

                                    Litmus Test:<\/strong> Did a leader<\/em> do the action of guiding<\/em>? In this context, no. Sound principles<\/em>\u00a0guided a leader<\/em>. Hence, guided<\/em> is a modifier.<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • A company founded<\/span> on sound business principles achieves much higher success.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Founded<\/em> = verb-ed modifier<\/p>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      Litmus Test:<\/strong> Did a company<\/em> do the action of founding<\/em>? In this context no. May be the founder of the company did that job. Hence, founded<\/em> is a verb-ed modifier.<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • The lamp decorated<\/span> with stars filled<\/span> the child\u2019s room with innocent beauty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        Decorated<\/em> = verb-ed modifier, filled<\/em> = simple past tense verb for the subject The lamp<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                                         <\/p>\n

                                        Litmus Test:<\/strong> Did the lamp<\/em> do the action of decorating?<\/em>\u00a0No. Hence, it is a modifier.<\/p>\n

                                         <\/p>\n

                                         <\/p>\n

                                        <\/h1>\n

                                        Correct these sentences if you feel they are incorrect.<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • The lamp decorated the child\u2019s room filled his room with innocent beauty. = Incorrect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          Correct = The lamp that decorated the child\u2019s room filled his room with innocent beauty.<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • A leader guided his followers earned immense respect from the masses. = Incorrect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            Correct = A leader who guided his followers earned immense respect from the masses.<\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            Take Away<\/h1>\n

                                            To ascertain whether a Verb-ed form (in the correct sentence) plays the role of a verb or a modifier, ask the question ” Is the subject of the sentence, the doer of the action?” If the answer is no, then the verb-ed form will most likely play the role of a modifier.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                            Introduction Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and root like tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than\u00a030 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.   This […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":79663,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"Juhi Gupta","author_link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/author\/juhie-gmat-com\/"},"yoast_head":"\nVerb-ed Forms \u2013 Verbs or Modifiers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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