{"id":34724,"date":"2021-10-28T17:00:33","date_gmt":"2021-10-28T11:30:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/?p=34724"},"modified":"2022-10-17T19:39:42","modified_gmt":"2022-10-17T14:09:42","slug":"newton-developed-mathematical-concepts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\/","title":{"rendered":"[GMAT OG Solution] Newton developed mathematical concepts&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">A <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\">6<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min read <\/span><\/span>\n<p>In this article, we\u2019ll look at the solution to this GMAT Official guide critical reasoning question. We have analyzed the 5 answer choices and arrived at the correct choice through 4 steps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Understanding the Argument <\/li><li>Vizualization of Argument <\/li><li>Prethinking<\/li><li>Answer Choice Analysis <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents\" data-showtext=\"show\" data-hidetext=\"hide\" data-scrolltype=\"auto\" id=\"ub_table-of-contents-0e5b8863-14c6-4683-80c8-3c9df767ff05\" data-initiallyhideonmobile=\"false\"\n                    data-initiallyshow=\"true\"><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header-container\"><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header\">\n                    <div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-title\">Here is an outline of the article:<\/div><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header-toggle\">\n                        <div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-toggle\">\n                        &nbsp;[<a class=\"ub_table-of-contents-toggle-link\" href=\"#\">hide<\/a>]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-extra-container\"><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-container ub_table-of-contents-1-column \"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\/#0-general-information-on-the-gmat-og-cr-question\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">General Information on the GMAT OG CR question<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\/#1-question-newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Question: Newton developed mathematical concepts&#8230;<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\/#2-solution-newton-developed-mathematical-concepts-\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Solution:  Newton developed mathematical concepts&#8230;<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\/#3-understanding-the-argument\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding the argument<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\/#4-visualization-of-argument\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Visualization of Argument<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\/#5-prethinking\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Prethinking<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\/#6-option-choice-analysis\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Option Choice Analysis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\/#12-core-learnings-from-this-question\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Core Learnings from this question:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 id=\"0-general-information-on-the-gmat-og-cr-question\">General Information on the GMAT OG CR question<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"ub_styled_list \" id=\"ub_styled_list-5144be52-7ed8-404c-aed5-78d713b0e8b0\"><ul class=\"fa-ul\"><li>Difficulty Level: Hard (85% &#8211; Hard)<\/li><li>Accuracy: 59% (GC)<\/li><li>Most Common Incorrect option choice: 22% C (GC)<\/li><li>Question Type: Boldface<\/li><li>Source: Official Guide (OG) 2016,2017,2018<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 id=\"1-question-newton-developed-mathematical-concepts\">Question: Newton developed mathematical concepts&#8230;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz\u2019s that discuss one of Newton\u2019s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton\u2019s calculus concepts and techniques, and since <strong>the notes were written before Leibniz\u2019 own development of calculus concepts and techniques<\/strong>, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. <strong>Leibniz\u2019 notes are limited to early sections of Newton\u2019s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton\u2019s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the historian\u2019s reasoning, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>[Refer to GMAT Official Guide for options]. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"2-solution-newton-developed-mathematical-concepts-\">Solution:  Newton developed mathematical concepts&#8230; <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For Boldface questions, we need to understand not only the logic of the argument but also the roles of every statement and the relationships between the statements. Let us solve this question!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"3-understanding-the-argument\">Understanding the argument<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The argument presents an argument made by the historian. The question stem also asks us for the role of the two boldfaces in the historian\u2019s argument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, as far as this argument goes, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">the historian is the author.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>This is a fact that seems to be setting the context for the argument.<\/li><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Fact:<\/span> Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Another fact.<\/li><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Fact:<\/span> Leibniz (another scientist\/mathematician like Newton, actually!) developed concepts and techniques that were very similar to Newton\u2019s concepts and techniques for calculus.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Traditional Belief\/Opinion:<\/span> Newton and Leibniz discovered these similar concepts and techniques independently, i.e., one did not copy\/get inspired by the other.<\/li><li>Here, \u201cthese discoveries were independent is a belief or opinion, not a fact.<\/li><li>This is simply a third-party opinion at this point. We do not know at this point if the historian (author) shares the same belief.<\/li><li>However, the overall statement is a fact. It is a fact that there is this traditional belief about the discoveries being independent.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz\u2019s that discuss one of Newton\u2019s books on mathematics.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>This line introduces a recent discovery.<\/li><li>It is a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">fact.<\/span> It is a fact that researchers have discovered these notes of Leibniz\u2019s.<\/li><li>It is also a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">fact <\/span>that these notes discuss one of Newton\u2019s books on mathematics.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton\u2019s calculus concepts and techniques,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Fact:<\/span> The book written by Newton includes a presentation of his calculus concepts and techniques. This is a fact.<\/li><li>\u201c<strong>since<\/strong> the book includes\u2026\u201d. The word \u201csince\u201d indicates that whatever is given next is the reasoning behind what the scholars are arguing for.<\/li><li>This line introduces some people called scholars and introduces us to one of the reasons used by the scholar to make some point (we are yet to see what this point is).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>and since <strong>the notes were written before Leibniz\u2019 own development of calculus concepts and techniques<\/strong>,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>This statement builds on the previous statement.<\/li><li><strong>\u201cand since\u201d<\/strong> \u2013 indicates reasoning number two for what the scholars want to argue for. Reason number one was what we saw in the last statement, the fact that Newton\u2019s book includes a presentation of his calculus concepts and techniques.<\/li><li>Reasoning number 2: <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">This is also a fact. <\/span>These notes of Leibniz were written before Leibniz\u2019 own development of calculus concepts and techniques.<\/li><li>Think and Infer: Can we predict what the scholar\u2019s argument would be even before reading the next statement? Yes.<ul><li>Leibniz\u2019s notes discuss one of Newton\u2019s books on mathematics.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>This book by Newton discusses his calculus concepts and techniques.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Liebniz\u2019s notes, which obviously came later (because it discusses Newton\u2019s book), were written before Leibniz himself developed calculus concepts and techniques.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Implication\/Prediction: the scholars will argue that Leibniz\u2019s work was derived from Newton (inspired\/copied) i.e., the traditional view (both evolved independently) is incorrect.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>BF1:<ul><li>Factual statement.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Reasoning #2 behind the scholar\u2019s argument.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>This is the conclusion being made by the scholar based on the reasoning highlighted above.<\/li><li>This is <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">a claim\/conclusion made by the scholars (not a fact).<\/span> This view challenges the traditional view that Newton and Leibniz developed calculus independently.<\/li><li>So, as per the scholar, the two mathematicians\/scientists did not independently develop calculus. Leibniz\u2019s work was derived from Newton\u2019s work.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>This is a claim\/conclusion being made by the historian (author).<\/li><li>This is the first claim made by the author. Before confirming if this is the main conclusion, we need to read the rest of the argument.<\/li><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Author\/Historian\u2019s claim: <\/span>A more cautious conclusion than saying that the traditional view is false is needed. In other words, the historian(author) is claiming that the scholar\u2019s conclusion is not cautious\/careful enough. It is a criticism of the scholar\u2019s conclusion.<\/li><li>The word \u201chowever\u201d is also a clue that this view is not in the same direction as the scholar\u2019s view.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Leibniz\u2019 notes are limited to early sections of Newton\u2019s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton\u2019s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>This statement is a fact.<\/li><li>This statement provides the historian\u2019s reasoning to support his\/her conclusion above.<\/li><li>We can now confirm that the last statement was the main conclusion.<\/li><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Author\/Historian Reasoning for Conclusion:<\/span><ul><li>Leibniz\u2019 notes only contain sections of Newton\u2019s book that are before Newton introduces calculus concepts.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Implication: Leibniz has not really referred to sections of Newton\u2019s book that talk about calculus. So, we cannot be sure if Leibniz had knowledge of Newton\u2019s calculus concepts. It is possible that Leibniz had no idea about the calculus aspects and arrived at calculus concepts independently.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>BF2:<ul><li>Factual statement<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Support for Main Conclusion<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"4-visualization-of-argument\">Visualization of Argument<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Let us understand the various claims and how they are supported in the argument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol type=\"1\"><li>Traditional belief: Newton and Leibniz came up with calculus independently.<ul><li>No support presented<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Scholar\u2019s conclusion: The above belief is false <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">(against traditional view). <\/span>(Leibniz\u2019 work is derived from Newton). Based on these points &#8211;<ul><li>Leibniz\u2019s notes discuss one of Newton\u2019s books on mathematics.<\/li><li>This book by Newton discusses his calculus concepts and techniques.<\/li><li>Liebniz\u2019s notes which obviously came later (because it discusses Newton\u2019s book), were written before Leibniz himself developed calculus concepts and techniques.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Author\u2019s Conclusion (Main Conclusion): A more cautious conclusion than above is called for (we cannot just say the traditional view is false)- against scholar\u2019s conclusion. Supported by &#8211;<ul><li>Leibniz\u2019 notes only contain sections of Newton\u2019s book that are before Newton introduces calculus concepts.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"5-prethinking\">Prethinking<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Now let us prethink the roles and relationships of each BF \u2013 with each other and with the main conclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Aspect<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Relationship with the main conclusion<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Relationship with the other BF<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BF1<\/td><td>Fact\/Reasoning<\/td><td>Not directly related. BF1 supports a conclusion challenged by the Main Conclusion (MC). But it does not challenge the MC.<\/td><td>Not directly related<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BF2<\/td><td>Fact\/Reasoning<\/td><td>Supports the Main Conclusion<\/td><td>Not directly related<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"6-option-choice-analysis\"><br>Option Choice Analysis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"7-choice-a-the-first-provides-evidence-in-support-of-the-overall-position-that-the-historian-defends-the-second-is-evidence-that-has-been-used-to-support-an-opposing-position\">Choice A: The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:red\"><strong>Incorrect<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF1<\/span> -&gt; BF1 provides evidence in support of the scholar\u2019s position, which the historian attacks (not defends). <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hence, BF1 is incorrect.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF2<\/span> -&gt; BF2 provides evidence in support of the main conclusion. \u201cOpposing position of the position the historian defends\u201d cannot be the main conclusion because the main conclusion is obviously the position that historian defends. The only opposing position is the scholar\u2019s argument, which has nothing to do with BF2. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hence, BF2 is also incorrect.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"8-choice-b-the-first-provides-evidence-in-support-of-the-overall-position-that-the-historian-defends-the-second-is-that-position\">Choice B: The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:red\"><strong>Incorrect<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF1<\/span> -&gt; BF1 provides evidence in support of the scholar\u2019s position, which the historian attacks (not defends). <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hence, BF1 is incorrect.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF2<\/span> -&gt; BF2 is a fact, not a position\/claim. Hence, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF2 is also incorrect.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"9-choice-c-the-first-provides-evidence-in-support-of-an-intermediate-conclusion-that-is-drawn-to-provide-support-for-the-overall-position-that-the-historian-defends-the-second-provides-evidence-against-that-intermediate-conclusion\">Choice C: The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"10-incorrect-\"><span style=\"color:red\"><strong>Incorrect<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF1<\/span> -&gt; The only issue is \u201cprovide support for.\u201d In reality, the first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion (scholar\u2019s view) that goes against the traditional belief (which the historian defends) and is challenged by the main conclusion. The intermediate conclusion here (the scholar\u2019s conclusion) does not provide support for the overall position taken by the historian at any level. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hence, BF1 is incorrect.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF2<\/span> -&gt; The second provides evidence to support the main conclusion. In the argument, BF2 is not used as evidence against the scholar\u2019s conclusion, only as support for the main conclusion. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hence, BF2 is also incorrect.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"10-choice-d-the-first-is-evidence-that-has-been-used-to-support-a-conclusion-that-the-historian-criticizes-the-second-is-evidence-offered-in-support-of-the-historian%E2%80%99s-own-position\">Choice D: The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian\u2019s own position.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:green\"><strong>Correct<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF1<\/span> -&gt; The first is factual evidence, used as reasoning to support the scholar\u2019s conclusion, which the historian indeed criticizes\/challenges. Refer to our prethinking. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF1 is correct.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF2<\/span> -&gt; The second is factual evidence offered in support of the main conclusion, which is indeed the historian\u2019s own position. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hence, BF2 is also correct.<\/span><br><br>Option D is the correct answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"11-choice-e-the-first-is-evidence-that-has-been-used-to-support-a-conclusion-that-the-historian-criticizes-the-second-is-further-information-that-substantiates-that-evidence\">Choice E: The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color:red\"><strong>Incorrect<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF1 <\/span>-&gt; The first is factual evidence used as reasoning to support the scholar\u2019s conclusion, which the historian indeed criticizes\/challenges. Refer to our prethinking. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF1 is correct.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">BF2<\/span> -&gt; The second BF does not further substantiate\/support the evidence presented in BF1. In fact, it weakens the point made by using that evidence. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hence, BF2 is incorrect.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"12-core-learnings-from-this-question\">Core Learnings from this question:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol type=\"1\"><li>Even in Boldface question, we should understand the core logic of the argument. This makes the identification of roles and relationships of each Boldface easier.<\/li><li>Focusing on keywords (However, since, etc.) is useful to understand the logical flow of the argument.<\/li><li>We need to be extremely careful with option choice analysis in Boldface questions.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Planning to take the GMAT?<\/strong> We can give you access to quality online content to prepare. We are the<strong>&nbsp;most reviewed GMAT prep company on the GMAT club<\/strong> with more than 2200+ reviews and have delivered <strong>10x 700+ scores than the average GMATClub partner.<\/strong> Why don\u2019t you take a free trial&nbsp;and judge it for yourself?&nbsp;Write to us at&nbsp;acethegmat@e-gmat.com&nbsp;in case of any queries.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"ub-buttons align-button-center\"  id=\"ub-button-b9b906cb-d869-4f46-a546-e7f0ad223253\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/ft-gmat-prep\/?channel=blogsin_article&#038;utm_source=blogs&#038;utm_medium=in_article&#038;utm_campaign=free_trial&#038;utm_term=blogs_in_article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer external\" class=\"ub-button-block-main ub-button-medium\" role=\"button\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">\n    <div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\"><span class=\"ub-button-icon-holder\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"height=\"30\", width=\"30\"viewBox=\"0, 0, 512, 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M256 0C114.6 0 0 114.6 0 256c0 141.4 114.6 256 256 256s256-114.6 256-256C512 114.6 397.4 0 256 0zM406.6 278.6l-103.1 103.1c-12.5 12.5-32.75 12.5-45.25 0s-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L306.8 288H128C110.3 288 96 273.7 96 256s14.31-32 32-32h178.8l-49.38-49.38c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l103.1 103.1C414.6 241.3 416 251.1 416 256C416 260.9 414.6 270.7 406.6 278.6z\"><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Get free prep resources<\/span>\n    <\/div><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/sigma-x\/?channel=blogsin_article&#038;utm_source=blogs&#038;utm_medium=in_article&#038;utm_campaign=free_trial&#038;utm_term=blogs_in_article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer external\" class=\"ub-button-block-main ub-button-medium\" role=\"button\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">\n    <div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\"><span class=\"ub-button-icon-holder\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"height=\"30\", width=\"30\"viewBox=\"0, 0, 448, 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M246.6 233.4l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.75-12.5-45.25 0s-12.5 32.75 0 45.25L178.8 256l-137.4 137.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.75 0 45.25C47.63 444.9 55.81 448 64 448s16.38-3.125 22.62-9.375l160-160C259.1 266.1 259.1 245.9 246.6 233.4zM438.6 233.4l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.75-12.5-45.25 0s-12.5 32.75 0 45.25L370.8 256l-137.4 137.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.75 0 45.25C239.6 444.9 247.8 448 256 448s16.38-3.125 22.62-9.375l160-160C451.1 266.1 451.1 245.9 438.6 233.4z\"><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Take a free mock<\/span>\n    <\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this article, we\u2019ll look at the solution to this GMAT Official guide critical reasoning question. We have analyzed the 5 answer choices and arrived at the correct choice through 4 steps: Understanding the Argument Vizualization of Argument Prethinking Answer Choice Analysis General Information on the GMAT OG CR question Question: Newton developed mathematical concepts&#8230; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":102420,"featured_media":34734,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[21,44,94],"tags":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/gmat-og-cr-question-newton-developed-mathematical-concepts.png","author_info":{"display_name":"Lekhika Dhariyal","author_link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/author\/lekhikae-gmat-com\/"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>[GMAT OG Solution] Newton developed mathematical concepts...<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Solution to the GMAT OG Critical reasoning question using four steps - 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