{"id":3471,"date":"2014-03-14T09:13:01","date_gmt":"2014-03-14T16:13:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/?p=3471"},"modified":"2014-03-31T05:35:47","modified_gmt":"2014-03-31T12:35:47","slug":"usage-of-verb-ing-modifiers-part-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/usage-of-verb-ing-modifiers-part-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Usage of Verb-ing Modifiers \u2013 Part II"},"content":{"rendered":"A <\/span> 7<\/span> min read <\/span><\/span>

VERB-ING MODIFIERS<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

In our first article of verb-ing modifiers, we discussed function of this modifier when used with a comma. In this article we will explain the function of the verb-ing modifier\u00a0when the modifier is placed after the clause and is NOT preceded by a comma<\/strong>.\u00a0 To refresh your memory, in a sentence there are three general places where this modifier appears.\u00a0 In each placement, the modifier plays a specific role. These places are:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Placed after a clause PRECEDED by a comma (explained in the first article<\/a>)<\/li>\n
  2. Placed after a clause NOT PRECEDED by a comma\u00a0(explained in this article)<\/strong><\/li>\n
  3. In the beginning of a clause followed by a comma (Please view the Verb-ing concept in the e-GMAT free trial)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    RULE SET #2<\/h1>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The placement of the verb-ing modifier after a clause without a comma brings us to the second rule set for this modifier.<\/p>\n

    Let\u2019s understand the application of this rule set through simple examples first.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    If the verb-ing modifier appears after a clause and without a comma, then it modifies the preceding noun or noun phrase.<\/em><\/pre>\n
     <\/p>\n
     <\/p>\n
    SIMPLE EXAMPLE<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Mary made a beautiful bouquet releasing divine aroma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      In this sentence \u201creleasing\u2026\u201d is a verb-ing modifier that is not preceded by a comma. In this construction, \u201creleasing\u2026<\/em>\u201d modifies the preceding noun \u201cbouquet<\/em>\u201d. The sentence means that Mary made a beautiful bouquet and that bouquet releases a divine aroma.\u00a0\u00a0 So the modifier describes the noun \u2013 bouquet.<\/p>\n
       <\/p>\n
      Understanding Intended meaning is the key:<\/strong>\u00a0As you would have noticed, the key to deciding whether to use a verb-ing modifier, and if to use one, whether to use one with a comma depends on the intended meaning of the sentence.\u00a0 If the logical intended meaning is such that the verb-ing modifier should modify the preceding noun or noun phrase, then we should use the verb-ing modifier without a comma.\u00a0\u00a0 On the other hand, use the verb-ing modifier with the comma if the author\u2019s intention is to express additional information about the preceding clause or the result of the preceding clause.\u00a0\u00a0 Either way, to make this distinction it\u2019s important to understand the logical intended meaning.<\/p>\n
       <\/p>\n
      OFFICIAL EXAMPLE<\/h3>\n
       <\/p>\n
      Let\u2019s now take an official example and apply the tools that we have learned so far.\u00a0 Note that in this example we will only analyze the sentence with regards to the verb-ing modifier.\u00a0\u00a0 The sentence construction for choices A and B is same as it pertains to the usage of verb-ing modifier.<\/p>\n
      OG 12#133 \u2013 Choice B<\/h4>\n
      Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp’s ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws\u00a0requiring turtle-excluder devices on\u00a0shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles.<\/p>\n
      To decide whether the usage of verb-ing modifier make sense, let\u2019s understand the author\u2019s\u00a0Intended Meaning.<\/strong><\/p>\n
       <\/p>\n
      Intended meaning:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      To understand the intended meaning, we will split the sentence into clauses to understand its structure.<\/p>\n
        \n
      • Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp’s ridley turtle, saying<\/li>\n
      • that their compliance with laws requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        This sentence says that last week local shrimpers called for a news conference. They did so to take come credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp\u2019s ridley turtle. They informed in the conference that they comply with laws that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets. This action is protecting adult sea turtles.<\/p>\n
         <\/p>\n
        The verb-ing modifier \u201crequiring\u201d is not preceded by a comma and hence\u00a0correctly modifies\u00a0the preceding noun \u201claws\u201d. The meaning is clear – these laws require the shrimpers to use turtleexcluder devices on shrimp nets.\u00a0 Therefore, the sentence is correct as it is.<\/p>\n
         <\/p>\n
         <\/p>\n
        AN INSTANCE IN WHICH VERB-ING IS NOT CORRECT<\/h2>\n
         <\/p>\n
        We will now take an example in which Verb-ing is not correct. This example is from the exercise of the previous article.<\/p>\n
        In three months, biologist Glauco Machado gathered enough information about large numbers of a relatively unstudied order of\u00a0arachnids to persuade an ant specialist at the university to advise him,\u00a0and to publish\u00a0his first scientific paper.<\/p>\n
          \n
        1. arachnids to persuade an ant specialist at the university to advise him and to publish<\/li>\n
        2. arachnids, persuading an ant specialist at the university to advise him and publishing<\/li>\n
        3. arachnids persuading an ant specialist at the university to advise him and publishing<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          Let\u2019s use the tools to determine whether verb-ing modifier makes sense.<\/p>\n
          STEP 1: (Intended) MEANING ANALYSIS<\/h4>\n
          The sentence says that in three months Machado gathered enough information about a huge number of comparatively unstudied order of arachnids. He gathered all information with two purposes in mind:<\/p>\n
            \n
          1. he wanted to persuade an ant specialist at the university to advise him<\/li>\n
          2. he wanted to publish his first scientific paper<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            STEP 2: ERROR ANALYSIS<\/h4>\n
              \n
            • In three months, biologist Glauco Machado had enough information about large numbers of a relatively unstudied order of\u00a0arachnids to persuade an ant specialist at the university to\u00a0advise him, and to publish\u00a0his first scientific paper.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              This sentence has just one subject-verb pair, meaning it has only one clause. The SV pair is accounted for. The purposes of gathering all the information have been correctly written in \u201cto verb\u201d form. These two purposes are also correctly joined with \u201cand\u201d. Hence, there is no error in this sentence. The sentence is correct as is.<\/p>\n
              STEP 3: POE<\/h4>\n
              Let us now do the POE to see what makes the other two choices incorrect.<\/p>\n
                \n
              1. arachnids to persuade an ant specialist at the university to advise him, and to publish: Correct as we discussed during error analysis.<\/li>\n
              2. arachnids, persuading an ant specialist at the university to advise him and publishing: Incorrect. Here both the verb-ing modifiers are preceded by comma, implying that they modify the entire preceding clause. Hence, now the sentence means that Machado gathered all the information and this action resulted into two things:\n
                  \n
                1. he persuaded the ant specialist, and<\/li>\n
                2. he published his first scientific papers.This is certainly not the intended meaning of the original sentence. The original sentence talks about purpose. Per this choice, Machado\u2019s gathering information actually led to the persuasion of the ant specialist and the publication of the first scientific paper. Hence, this choice is grammatically correct but certainly alters the intended meaning and is thus incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                3. arachnids persuading an ant specialist at the university to advise him and publishing:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  Incorrect. In this choice, the verb-ing modifiers appear without comma. Here, both \u201cpersuading\u201d and \u201cpublishing\u201d modify the preceding noun \u201carachnids\u201d.\u00a0 Now, per this choice, the sentence means that Machado collected information on certain arachnids and these arachnids did the jobs of persuading the ant specialist and publishing first scientific paper. This is\u00a0absolutely illogical<\/strong>.\u00a0This is a case where verb-ing modifier without a comma does not make sense.<\/strong><\/p>\n
                   <\/p>\n
                   <\/p>\n
                  APPLYING THE RULE SET TO GMATPREP QUESTION<\/h1>\n
                   <\/p>\n
                  Ok, so now that we understand how to use the new tools that we have learnt, lets add them to our arsenal and use the\u00a0e-GMAT 3 step process<\/strong>\u00a0to solve a GMAT PREP question.<\/p>\n
                   <\/p>\n
                  GMAT Prep Question:<\/h3>\n
                  In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.<\/p>\n
                    \n
                  1. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle<\/li>\n
                  2. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling<\/li>\n
                  3. most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling<\/li>\n
                  4. mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle<\/li>\n
                  5. mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                    Let us now apply the e-gmat three-step process to solve this one. We will begin with the first step that is:<\/p>\n
                    MEANING ANALYSIS:<\/h4>\n
                    The sentence says that in the past few years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets. These massive planets are either as large as Jupiter or larger than Jupiter. These massive planets also circle other stars.<\/p>\n
                    ERROR ANALYSIS:<\/h4>\n
                      \n
                    • In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                      This sentence uses a mix of two idioms \u2013 \u201cas X as\u201d and \u201cX larger than\u201d \u2013 in the form of \u201cas large or larger than\u201d. This is incorrect. We must use the idiom correctly in its entirety to present the correct comparison.<\/p>\n
                       <\/p>\n
                      Notice the modifier \u2013 \u201cwhich circle\u2026\u201d.\u00a0 This relative pronoun modifier modifies the noun \u201c80 massive planets\u201d.\u00a0 Some of you may wonder that \u201cwhich circle\u2026\u201d modifies the closest noun \u201cJupiter\u201d.\u00a0 This is not correct.\u00a0 And this is where logical meaning and understanding the sentence structure comes to our aid.<\/p>\n
                       <\/p>\n
                      Notice that \u201cmost of them as large or larger than Jupiter\u201d is a modifier that provides additional information about the 80 massive planets.\u00a0 This modifier is encapsulated in a comma pair.\u00a0 So even if we remove this modifier from the sentence, the meaning will not be altered.\u00a0\u00a0 So for the sake of our discussion, let\u2019s remove this modifier:<\/p>\n
                        \n
                      • In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of\u00a0them\u00a0as large or larger than Jupiter,\u00a0which circle other stars.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        Now as you can see, \u201cwhich circle\u2026\u201d modifies the noun phrase \u201c80 massive planets\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0 Now this modifier is not written in correct construction since which is typically preceded by a comma.<\/p>\n
                         <\/p>\n
                        Remember that the comma that precedes \u201cwhich\u201d does not separate \u201cwhich\u201d but is part of the comma pair that separates the modifier \u2013 most of them\u2026from the rest of the sentence.<\/p>\n
                         <\/p>\n
                        We will now find the correct choice from the remaining 4 choices.<\/p>\n
                        POE:<\/h4>\n
                          \n
                        1. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle: Incorrect for reasons discussed above.<\/li>\n
                        2. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling: Incorrect.\n
                            \n
                          1. This choice repeats the idiom and parallelism errors of choice A.<\/li>\n
                          2. A modifier is not separated from the entity it modifies by using \u201cand\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                          3. most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling: Correct. This choice corrects the error of choice A by using the correct idiom \u201cat least as large as Jupiter\u201d to convey the intended meaning.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                            Furthermore, notice the use of modifier – \u201ccircling\u2026\u201d .\u00a0 This modifier modifies the noun entity that precedes it \u2013 \u201cmore than 80 massive planets\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0 As we discussed in the sentence structure discussion for choice A, this modifier does not modify the immediately preceding noun \u2013 Jupiter.\u00a0 This is a verb-ing modifier that is not separated from the preceding clause by a comma and hence modifies the preceding noun entity.<\/p>\n
                             <\/p>\n
                            At this time we should also pay attention to the logical meaning of the sentence.\u00a0 We have determined already that \u201ccircling\u2026\u201d modifies\u00a0 \u201c80 massive planets\u201d from grammatical standpoint.\u00a0\u00a0 From logical standpoint also, \u201ccircling\u201d must modify \u201c80 massive planets\u201d because it is a universal fact that Jupiter revolves around the Sun and no other star. Hence, there is no logical way that \u201ccircling\u201d can modify \u201cJupiter\u201d. It should modify \u201c80 massive planets\u201d.<\/p>\n
                              \n
                            1. mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle: Incorrect. Use of \u201cmostly\u201d is incorrect here. Now it is an adverb that refers to the adjective following it \u201cat least as large as\u201d. This is nonsensical.<\/li>\n
                            2. mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling: Incorrect.\n
                                \n
                              1. Repeats the same \u201cmostly\u201d error of choice D.<\/li>\n
                              2. Repeats the idiom error of choice A.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                 <\/p>\n
                                TAKE AWAYs<\/h1>\n
                                 <\/p>\n
                                There are a few key takeaways that I want you to take from this article.<\/p>\n
                                  \n
                                1. When the verb-ing modifier is not preceded by a comma, it always modifies the preceding\u00a0noun or noun phrase.<\/li>\n
                                2. To determine whether a verb-ing modifier makes sense, always understand the author\u2019s intended meaning.<\/li>\n
                                3. The tools that you learned in this article integrate very well with the e-GMAT 3 step process.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                                  VERB-ING MODIFIERS   In our first article of verb-ing modifiers, we discussed function of this modifier when used with a comma. In this article we will explain the function of the verb-ing modifier\u00a0when the modifier is placed after the clause and is NOT preceded by a comma.\u00a0 To refresh your memory, in a sentence there […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":79663,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"Juhi Gupta","author_link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/author\/juhie-gmat-com\/"},"yoast_head":"\nUsage of Verb-ing Modifiers \u2013 Part II<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/usage-of-verb-ing-modifiers-part-ii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Usage of Verb-ing Modifiers \u2013 Part II\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"VERB-ING MODIFIERS   In our first article of verb-ing modifiers, we discussed function of this modifier when used with a comma. 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