{"id":3439,"date":"2014-03-14T08:00:17","date_gmt":"2014-03-14T15:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/?p=3439"},"modified":"2016-06-17T13:15:48","modified_gmt":"2016-06-17T20:15:48","slug":"noun-modifiers-can-modify-slightly-far-away-noun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/noun-modifiers-can-modify-slightly-far-away-noun\/","title":{"rendered":"NOUN MODIFIERS CAN MODIFY SLIGHTLY FAR AWAY NOUN"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">A <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\">8<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min read <\/span><\/span><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter  wp-image-3441\" title=\"Pic-5\" src=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Pic-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Pic-5.png 1209w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Pic-5-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Pic-5-1024x578.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Noun modifiers<\/strong>, as the name suggests, modify noun entities. They are generally placed as close to the noun entity they modify as possible to avoid any ambiguity in modification. This is necessary for the sentence to convey the logical intended meaning.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In practice, placing the modifier \u201cas close to the noun entity as possible\u201d has become placing the modifier \u201cimmediately after the noun entity\u201d they modify. Now most of the times, this practice helps us arrive at the correct answer choice.\u00a0 However, this does not mean that a \u201cnoun modifier\u201d should ALWAYS modify the immediately preceding noun. \u00a0\u00a0There are several instances in which a \u201cnoun modifier\u201d modifies slightly far away noun.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>However, since test takers blindly follow this practice or rule, they eliminate answer choices if they see that it does not make sense for the \u201cnoun modifier\u201d to modify the immediately preceded noun. \u00a0\u00a0And in certain instances this may result in elimination of a correct answer choice.\u00a0 If you have experienced this while solving SC questions, then this article will be an eye-opener one for you.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Following are the two <strong>OFFICIAL EXAMPLES<\/strong> OF <strong>CORRECT SENTENCES<\/strong> in which the \u201cnoun modifiers\u201d <strong>do not<\/strong> modify the immediately preceding noun. They actually modify the noun that is placed slightly far away<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">Emily Dickinson\u2019s letters<\/span> to Susan Huntington Dickinson, <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">which<\/span> were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan\u2019s marriage to Emily\u2019s brother and ending shortly before Emily\u2019s death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else. (OG 13#29, Choice E)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In this sentence, the noun modifier <em>which were written\u2026<\/em>\u00a0correctly modifies slightly far away noun <em>letters<\/em>.\u00a0 It does not modify immediately preceding noun <em>Susan Huntington Dickinson<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">the hearings<\/span> on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">which<\/span> were televised nationwide. (GMAT Prep, Choice B)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In this sentence, the noun modifier <em>which were televised\u2026<\/em>\u00a0correctly modifies slightly far away noun <em>hearings<\/em>.\u00a0 It does not modify immediately preceding noun <em>Nixon<\/em> or <em>impeachment<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<h1>How far away modification makes sense<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<p>The above two sentences confirm that GMAC accepts the usage of \u201cnoun modifiers\u201d modifying a slightly far away noun. This usage is not uncommon in OG and GMAT Prep SC problems. So let\u2019s see how it makes sense for the \u201cnoun modifier\u201d to modify a noun that does precede it.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h4 align=\"center\">Simple Example<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p>Let\u2019s start with simple sentences to understand the working behind this usage:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. The committee chose Mr. Smith, who was the most experienced member, to lead all the management-related operations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Needless to say that in this sentence, the relative pronoun <em>who<\/em>, a \u201cnoun modifier\u201d, modifies\u00a0 the immediately\u00a0 preceding noun <em>Mr. Smith<\/em>. The relative pronoun clause is giving some extra information about Mr. Smith, the entity it modifies.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. The committee chose Mr. Smith of Left Block, who was the most experienced member, to lead all the management-related operations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Many of you will right away discard this sentence as \u201cincorrect\u201d because <em>who<\/em> is not preceded by <em>Mr. Smith<\/em>, the noun it should logically refer to. Well, this sentence is absolutely correct. There is no modification error here. Here <em>who<\/em>\u00a0correctly modifies Mr. Smith.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This is so because the newly added prepositional phrase <em>of Left Block<\/em> is a modifier that modifies Mr. Smith. So it is placed next to that entity. This prepositional modifies the same noun entity the noun modifier <em>who<\/em>\u00a0is meant to modify and cannot be placed elsewhere in the sentence without violating the structure and the meaning of the sentence. So now instead of just Mr. Smith in sentence 1, we have a noun phrase in sentence 2, \u00a0<em>Mr. Smith of Left Block<\/em>. In this scenario, <em>who<\/em> has the liberty to jump over the preceding preposition phrase (modifier) to modify the HEAD of this noun phrase <em>Mr. Smith.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, <em>who was the \u2026<\/em>\u00a0cannot logically and grammatically modify the immediately preceding noun <em>Left Block<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h4 align=\"center\">Complex Example<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>The National Association of Large Distribution Businesses, known as Anged, appealed to the Supreme Court in Madrid, which then asked the Court of Justice for a ruling on how to apply European law covering working times.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is a sentence taken from an article in nytimes.com. In this sentence, the relative pronoun <em>which<\/em>\u00a0is correctly modifying <em>Supreme Court<\/em>\u00a0even though it is preceded by a noun entity <em>Madrid<\/em>. This modification is absolutely \u2018sensical\u2019 because the prepositional phrase <em>in Madrid<\/em>\u00a0modifies <em>the Supreme Court<\/em> and cannot be placed anywhere in the sentence without violating the structure and the meaning of the sentence. In this case, we now have noun phrase <em>the Supreme Court in Madrid<\/em>\u00a0and hence, <em>which<\/em>\u00a0has the liberty to jump over the immediately preceding prepositional phrase (modifier) to modify the head of this noun phrase \u00a0<em>the Supreme Court<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Again, logically it will not make sense for <em>which<\/em> to modify <em>Madrid<\/em>. <em>Madrid<\/em> is a place that will require <em>where<\/em> to modify it.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h4 align=\"center\">Official Examples<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p>We will now discuss the correct sentences of the two official problems that we mentioned in the beginning of the article and will see how in both the sentences the noun modifier modifies the noun entity that is not placed immediately before it.<\/p>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<h5><strong>OG 13#29<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>1: Emily Dickinson\u2019s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan\u2019s marriage to Emily\u2019s brother and ending shortly before Emily\u2019s death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.<\/p>\n<h6>Meaning<\/h6>\n<p>This sentence talks about ED\u2019s letters to her sister in law SHD. These letters that were written over a period starting from a few years before Susan\u2019s marriage to Emily\u2019s brother and ending shortly before Emily\u2019s death outnumber Emily\u2019s letters to anyone else.<\/p>\n<h6>Modifier Analysis<\/h6>\n<p>In this sentence, relative pronoun <em>which<\/em> correctly modifies <em>letters<\/em>, a noun entity that is not placed immediately before <em>which<\/em>. Now <em>letters<\/em> is followed by a prepositional phrase <em>to SHD<\/em> that modifies <em>letters<\/em>. It tells us who the letters were written to. This prepositional phrase cannot be placed elsewhere in the sentence. So we have a big noun phrase preceding <em>which<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 <em>ED\u2019s letters to SHD<\/em>. In this case, <em>which<\/em>\u00a0has the liberty to jump over <em>to SHD<\/em>\u00a0and modify the head of the big noun phrase. This modification leads to no ambiguity at all.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore logically and grammatically it does not make sense to say that SHD was written over a period\u2026Thus, the closest noun cannot be modified by this modifier.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>GMAT Prep<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>2: Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.<\/p>\n<h6>Meaning<\/h6>\n<p>This sentence talks about Barbara Jordan. She was known as an effective legislator first in Texas Senate and then in US House of Representatives. However, she became nationally recognized figure in 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Nixon. These hearing were televised all across the nation.<\/p>\n<h6>Modifier Analysis<\/h6>\n<p>In this sentence, we have two relative pronouns. The first relative pronoun <em>when<\/em>\u00a0modifies the immediate preceding noun <em>1974<\/em>. However, the second relative pronoun <em>which<\/em> does not follow the suit.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The sentence says that <em>Jordan<\/em> participated in <em>hearings<\/em>. What were these hearings about? These hearings were <em>on the impeachment of President Nixon<\/em>. The prepositional phrase <em>on the impeachment<\/em>\u00a0modifies <em>the hearings<\/em>\u00a0while <em>of President Nixon<\/em>\u00a0modifies <em>the impeachment<\/em>. The modifiers appear after the entities (all nouns) they modify.\u00a0 Hence, together we have a huge noun phrase <em>the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon<\/em>.\u00a0 Note that none of these prepositional phrases can be placed anywhere else in the sentence. So here, <em>which<\/em>\u00a0comfortably jumps over both the prepositional phrases to modify <em>the hearings<\/em>, an absolutely acceptable usage.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Both the above examples explain how the relative pronouns can modify a slightly far away noun. The thing to keep in mind is that this rule is applicable to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">all noun modifiers<\/span>. Following is an example of another GMAT Prep problem in which in the correct answer choice, a verb-ing modifier modifies a far-away noun.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3: Like <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">the great navigators<\/span> who first sailed around the Earth <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">gathering<\/span> information about its size and the curvature of its surface, astronomers have made new observations that show with startling directness the large-scale geometry of the universe. (Choice D)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>After reading this one, almost all of you will say that <em>gathering<\/em>\u00a0is a verb-ing modifier that is placed after <em>Earth<\/em> and is not preceded by a comma. Hence, it must modify <em>Earth<\/em>. This modification makes no sense because <em>Earth<\/em> did not gather information. <em>The great navigators<\/em> did. Hence, this sentence is absolutely correct. Here is why.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Structurally, <em>who first sailed around the Earth<\/em>\u00a0is a clause. Here <em>who<\/em>\u00a0stands for <em>the great navigators<\/em>. Please note that the who clause is just a noun modifier for <em>the great navigators<\/em> that cannot be placed anywhere else in the sentence. So together <em>the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth<\/em>\u00a0is a big noun phrase (refer to Noun Phrase side box).\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.71429;\">Many of you may argue that this entity contains a <em>who clause<\/em>. How can we classify as a noun phrase? We can classify this as a noun phrase since it has a noun at its head.\u00a0 It is of the construction \u2013 Noun + Clause.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The head of this big noun phrase is <em>the great investigators<\/em>. Now since the <em>who clause<\/em> that modifies <em>the great investigators\u00a0<\/em>cannot be placed anywhere else in the sentence, the structure gives <em>gathering<\/em>, a noun modifier, the liberty to jump over the preceding modifier and modify the head <em>the great investigators<\/em>. Hence, <em>gathering<\/em>\u00a0in this sentence is correctly modifies <em>the great investigators<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, logically <em>Earth<\/em>\u00a0cannot gather information.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<h1>When far away modification is not possible<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<p>So now we know that noun modifiers not only can modify the immediate preceding noun but also can modify a slightly far-away noun. The modification completely depends on the context and the structure of the sentence. However, there can be instances where such modification will not be possible. In such cases, a noun modifier cannot jump over preceding modifiers to refer to the head of the noun phrases. Let\u2019s take a few examples:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<h4 align=\"center\">Simple Example<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p>Let\u2019s bring back the simple example that we discussed earlier.\u00a0 In this example, it makes sense for the \u201cnoun modifier\u201d to modify a slightly far-away noun.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. The committee chose Mr. Smith of Left Block, who was the most experienced member, to lead all the management-related operations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>We have already seen how <em>who<\/em>\u00a0correctly modifies <em>Mr. Smith<\/em>\u00a0in this sentence. Compare this with the following sentence:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. The committee chose Mr. Smith in the last meeting, who was the most experienced member, to lead all the management-related operations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If you notice, structurally there is no difference between sentences 1 and 2. In both, <em>Mr. Smith<\/em>\u00a0is followed by a prepositional phrase. However, the second sentence <strong>is not correct<\/strong>. Here <em>who<\/em>\u00a0ends up modifying the immediately preceding noun <em>the last meeting<\/em>, resulting in modifier error.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This is so because <em>in the last meeting<\/em>\u00a0<strong>does not<\/strong> modify <em>Mr. Smith<\/em>. It rather modifies the action chose. When did the committee choose? It did so in the last meeting. This prepositional phrase can actually be placed right in the beginning of the sentence, after <em>The committee<\/em>, or before <em>Mr. Smith<\/em> to convey the intended meaning. Hence, <em>who<\/em>\u00a0cannot jump over the preceding noun. Notice how per the context of this sentence, the expression <em>Mr. Smith in the last meeting<\/em>\u00a0is not a noun phrase. Contrast this with the noun phrase in the original sentence Mr. Smith of Left Block.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<h4 align=\"center\">Complex Example<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p>Here comes the sentence that we have already discussed earlier:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The National Association of Large Distribution Businesses, known as Anged, appealed to the Supreme Court in Madrid, which then asked the Court of Justice for a ruling on how to apply European law covering working times.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Compare this one with the following sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The National Association of Large Distribution Businesses, known as Anged, appealed to the Supreme Court in 2011, which then asked the Court of Justice for a ruling on how to apply European law covering working times.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The only difference between the above two sentences is that <em>Madrid<\/em>\u00a0has been replaced with <em>2011<\/em>. Since the structure of both the sentences is identical, the modification in the second sentence is also correct, right? Wrong.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In this sentence, there is no way <em>which<\/em>\u00a0can jump over the preceding prepositional phrase <em>in 2011<\/em> and can modify <em>the Supreme Court<\/em>. This is so because <em>in 2011<\/em>\u00a0does not modify the noun <em>the Supreme Court<\/em>. It modifies the action in the clause <em>appealed<\/em>.\u00a0 When did the NALDB appeal to the Supreme Court? It did so in 2011. Hence <em>in 2011<\/em>\u00a0actually modified appealed and not the Supreme Court, the noun that <em>which<\/em> is meant to modify. So <em>in 2011<\/em>\u00a0cannot make a big noun phrase with <em>the Supreme Court<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Again, this prepositional phrase can be placed right in the beginning of the sentence, after <em>Anged<\/em>, or after <em>appealed<\/em>. Hence, in this case, it is not possible for <em>which<\/em>\u00a0to jump over <em>in 2011<\/em>\u00a0to modify <em>the Supreme Court<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<h1>Take Away<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Noun modifiers must be placed as close as possible to the entities they modify to convey clearly the intended logical meaning of the sentence.<\/li>\n<li>When the context and the structure of the sentence allow, noun modifiers can jump over preceding modifier to refer to a slightly far-away placed noun.<\/li>\n<li>That noun modifiers can modify a slightly far away noun has been covered in our concept named &#8220;Modifiers &#8211; Relative Pronouns&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Introduction &nbsp; Noun modifiers, as the name suggests, modify noun entities. They are generally placed as close to the noun entity they modify as possible to avoid any ambiguity in modification. This is necessary for the sentence to convey the logical intended meaning. &nbsp; In practice, placing the modifier \u201cas close to the noun [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":79663,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"Juhi Gupta","author_link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/author\/juhie-gmat-com\/"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v17.1.1 (Yoast SEO v17.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>NOUN MODIFIERS CAN MODIFY SLIGHTLY FAR AWAY NOUN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/noun-modifiers-can-modify-slightly-far-away-noun\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NOUN MODIFIERS CAN MODIFY SLIGHTLY FAR AWAY NOUN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; Introduction &nbsp; Noun modifiers, as the name suggests, modify noun entities. 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