{"id":16782,"date":"2018-11-12T12:18:59","date_gmt":"2018-11-12T06:48:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/?p=16782"},"modified":"2022-11-24T16:50:40","modified_gmt":"2022-11-24T11:20:40","slug":"gmat-and-meaning-part-2-use-of-modifiers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-2-use-of-modifiers\/","title":{"rendered":"GMAT and Meaning &#8211; Part 2: Strategy 2 \u2013 Use of Modifiers"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">A <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\">10<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min read <\/span><\/span>\n<div>\n<p>This article is the second in series of &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/5-strategies-how-gmat-distort-meaning\/\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">5 Strategies that GMAT uses to distort meaning<\/a>&#8220;. In the previous article, we had discussed the first strategy &#8211; &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/5-strategies-how-gmat-distort-meaning\/\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Placement of Modifiers<\/a>&#8220;. In this one, we&#8217;ll be discussing the second strategy &#8211; &#8220;Use of Modifiers&#8221;, along with official questions and explanations.<\/p>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter  wp-image-17422\" src=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning.png\" alt=\"Strategy 2 \u2013 Use of Modifiers - GMAT Meaning\" width=\"844\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning.png 2000w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning-1080x608.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 844px) 100vw, 844px\" \/><\/figure><p><\/p>\n<p>The links for the other three articles in this series are provided at the end of this article.<\/p>\n<h2>Strategy 2 \u2013 Use of Modifiers<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>How does GMAC use this strategy: There are a finite number of commonly used modifiers.&nbsp; These modifiers typically play a well-defined role.&nbsp; You may find below the list of modifiers and what they typically modify.&nbsp; E-GMAT customers may view the concept file \u201cTypes of Modifiers\u201d to find more details on this topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Type of Modifier<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What does it Modify?<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Single-word adjective<\/td><td>Modifies the closest noun<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Single-word adverb<\/td><td>Modifies the verb<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Relative pronoun clause<\/td><td>Modifies the noun<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>which, that \u2013 modify things<\/li><li>who \u2013 modifies people<\/li><li>whose \u2013 modifies people or things<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Verb-ed modifier modifies the noun<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Verb-ing modifier:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>If separated by a comma, modifies preceding clause and associates with the subject<\/li><li>If separated by a comma, modifies the following clause or modifies only the subject<\/li><li>If not separated by a comma, modifies the noun<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Prepositional modifier modifies verb or noun \u2013 depending on the context<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Noun + noun modifier modifies any aspect of the preceding clause<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a simple example below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<h3>Simple example<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"617\" height=\"123\" src=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/111111.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3610\" title=\"111111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/111111.png 617w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/111111-300x59.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So here is the scene that I picture.&nbsp; Cat is swift.&nbsp; It caught the rat.&nbsp; Now let&#8217;s check this sentence below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"628\" height=\"127\" src=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/222222.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3611\" title=\"222222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/222222.png 628w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/222222-300x60.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now the scene that I picture is \u2013 cat swiftly grabbed the rat.&nbsp; So per this sentence, I no longer know whether the cat is generally swift or not.&nbsp; But I do know that the cat acted swiftly and caught the rat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So changing the modifier from \u201cadjective\u201d to \u201cadverb\u201d leads to change in the meaning communicated by the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is exactly how GMAT may introduce a difference in meaning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<h3>Official Question 1 \u2013 OG 12 \u2013 Q#126<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Now let&#8217;s take an official question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses<\/li><li>that create unconscious physiological responses in turn<\/li><li>creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses<\/li><li>to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconscious<\/li><li>who creates unconscious physiological responses in turn<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Intended meaning from Choice A<\/strong>: The intended meaning of the sentence from choice A can be inferred as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Use of lie detectors is based on a certain assumption.&nbsp; Here is the assumption<\/li><li>Lying produces emotional reactions in an individual<\/li><li>These emotional reactions then create unconscious physiological responses.<span style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 13px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1451\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/33.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3612\" title=\"33\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/33.png 1451w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/33-300x56.png 300w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/33-1024x191.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1451px) 100vw, 1451px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that \u201cthat clause\u201d in this sentence clearly modifies \u2013 emotional reactions.&nbsp; Yes, typically relative pronoun modifiers modify the closest noun.&nbsp; However, they can also modify slightly far away noun when this noun is the head of the noun phrase and when such modification makes sense.&nbsp; E-GMAT customers can find a detailed description of this concept in the concept file \u2013 Modifiers \u2013 Relative Pronouns.&nbsp; Also, I cover this topic in excruciating detail in one of the live sessions in the Verbal Live Complete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This choice is absolutely correct.&nbsp; There are no grammatical and meaning based errors in this sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Grammatically Correct but Incorrect<\/strong> <strong>choice (E)<\/strong> \u2013 Notice how in choice E the test makers have changed the modifier from \u201cthat clause\u201d to \u201cwho clause\u201d.&nbsp; See, \u201cwho\u201d modifiers cannot modify things.&nbsp; They can only modify people.&nbsp; So by changing \u2018thing\u2019 modifying modifier to \u2018person\u2019 modifying modifier, now automatically the entity being modified changes to \u201cindividual\u201d.&nbsp; Now the modifier no longer modifies \u201cemotional reactions\u201d. This changes the meaning.&nbsp; This results in different yet still logical meaning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1444\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/42.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3613\" title=\"4\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/42.png 1444w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/42-300x56.png 300w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/42-1024x192.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1444px) 100vw, 1444px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The intended meaning communicated by Choice E is the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Use of lie detectors is based on a certain assumption.&nbsp; Here is the assumption:<\/li><li>Lying produces emotional reactions in an individual<\/li><li>The individual then creates unconscious physiological responses.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that without subject matter knowledge, the above cause and effect sequence appears to be logical.&nbsp; Lying produces certain reactions in the individual and then the individual unknowingly creates certain type of responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, the meaning communicated by this choice is certainly different from the meaning communicated by choice A.&nbsp; Hence, while choice E is grammatically correct, it changes the logical intended meaning and is not the correct choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>PS: Access our free concepts on sentence structure if you want to know how to break a compound sentence into simple sentences. Just register at e-gmat.com<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<h3>Official Question 2 \u2013 OG Verbal Review 2 \u2013 Q#108<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Now let\u2019s take another official question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sound can travel through water for enormous distances, prevented from dissipating its acoustic energy as a result of boundaries in the ocean created by water layers of different temperatures and densities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>prevented from dissipating its acoustic energy as a result of<\/li><li>prevented from having its acoustic energy dissipated by<\/li><li>its acoustic energy prevented from dissipating by<\/li><li>its acoustic energy prevented from being dissipated as a result of<\/li><li>preventing its acoustic energy from dissipating by<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Intended meaning from Choice A:&nbsp; <\/strong>The sentence is written in an awkward manner but we can certainly infer the intended meaning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Sound can travel through water for long distances.<\/li><li>The acoustic energy of sound is prevented from dissipating because of the boundaries in the ocean.&nbsp; These boundaries are created by water layers of different temperatures and densities.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Now it is logical to say that because of statement 2, statement 1 happens.&nbsp; That is because the acoustic energy of sound is not dissipated easily, sound can travel through water for long distances.&nbsp; At this point you can picture in your mind that these two facts can be connected in multiple ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Use connectors that state reason such as because, since.<\/li><li>Use modifier that extends the thought of preceding clause.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Error in the original choice: <\/strong>Choice A is not the correct choice since it is not written properly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Choice C<\/strong> corrects this error and is the correct choice.&nbsp; It uses noun + noun modifier construction to explain how sound can travel through water for long distances.&nbsp; Notice that a noun + noun modifier construction is very versatile.&nbsp; It can modify any aspect of the preceding clause.&nbsp; It need not be necessarily connected to the subject of the clause.&nbsp; This is what sets it apart from a verb-ing modifier which has been used in choice E.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1431\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/52.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3614\" title=\"5\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/52.png 1431w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/52-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/52-1024x200.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1431px) 100vw, 1431px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Grammatically Correct but Incorrect<\/strong> <strong>choice E:<\/strong> Notice how the <em>test makers have changed this modifier to verb-ing modifier.&nbsp; <\/em>As we discussed earlier, a verb-ing modifier when separated by a comma modifies the preceding clause but is connected with the subject of that clause.&nbsp; It may also present the result of the action in the preceding clause.&nbsp;&nbsp; Neither of these modifications in this sentence creates an illogical meaning.&nbsp; Two possible interpretations are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Illogical meaning 1\n<ul>\n<li>Sound can travel through water for long distances.<\/li>\n<li>Sound prevents its energy from dissipating because of the boundaries in the ocean.&nbsp; These boundaries are created by water layers of different temperatures and densities.\n<ul>\n<li>This is illogical since sound itself does not prevent its energy from being dissipated.&nbsp; The boundaries in the ocean prevent the energy of sound from being dissipated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li>Illogical meaning 2\n<ul>\n<li>Sound can travel through water for enormous distances<\/li>\n<li>This leads to its energy being prevented from dissipation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1428\" height=\"294\" src=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/61.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3615\" title=\"6\" srcset=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/61.png 1428w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/61-300x61.png 300w, https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/61-1024x210.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1428px) 100vw, 1428px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So as you can see, by changing the modifier, the context of the sentence changes, resulting in this case in an illogical meaning.&nbsp; Now at first look, this choice may appear to be correct since grammatically there are no errors.&nbsp; However, since the correct choice must communicate intended logical meaning, this choice is not the correct answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<h3>How to evaluate choices that change the meaning?<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Understand the logical meaning of the original choice.\n<ol>\n<li>Note how the modifiers have been used.<\/li>\n<li>If the meaning is not clear in the original choice, then apply your knowledge of modifiers and determine the suitable modifier for the sentence.&nbsp; Such pre-thinking helps when you review the answer choices.<\/li>\n<li>Look for the answer choice that best communicates the same meaning in un-ambiguous and grammatically correct manner.<\/li>\n<li>Ignore choices that may be grammatically correct but change the meaning.&nbsp; A seemingly correct grammatical choice may also communicate an illogical meaning.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<h3>Exercise Sentences<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<h4>Example 1 \u2013 European leaders<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>European leaders, who met until the early hours of Friday, agreed for signing, with the head of the World Bank, an intergovernmental treaty that would require it to enforce stricter fiscal and financial discipline in their future budgets<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>for signing, with the head of the World Bank, an intergovernmental treaty that would require it<\/li><li>to sign an intergovernmental treaty with the head of the world bank who would require them<\/li><li>to sign an intergovernmental treaty with the head of the world bank, requiring them<\/li><li>to sign, with the head of the world bank, an intergovernmental treaty that would require them<\/li><li>for signing an intergovernmental treaty with the head of the World Bank that would require them<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 id=\"h-understand-the-meaning-of-the-original-sentence\">Understand the Meaning of the Original Sentence<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The sentence states the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>European leaders met until Friday morning<\/li><li>They agreed to sign a treaty \u2013 an intergovernmental treaty.<\/li><li>They agreed to sign this treaty with the head of the World Bank.<\/li><li>This treaty would require the leaders to enforce stricter fiscal and financial discipline in their future budgets.<\/li><li>European leaders,\n<ul>\n<li>who met until the early hours of Friday,<\/li>\n<li>agreed for signing, with the head of the World Bank, an intergovernmental treaty<\/li>\n<li>that would require it to enforce stricter fiscal and financial discipline in their future budgets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 id=\"h-find-the-errors-in-the-original-sentence\">Find the Errors in the Original Sentence<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The sentence has been simplified into its clauses as shown above.&nbsp;&nbsp; All subject-verb pairs are accounted for.&nbsp; The pronoun \u201cit\u201d in underlined portion of the sentence logically refers to \u201cEuropean leaders\u201d but does not agree in number with its antecedent.&nbsp; Thus, this sentence has pronoun-antecedent number agreement error.&nbsp; Notice that the other pronoun \u201ctheir\u201d in non-underlined portion also logically refers to \u201cEuropean leaders\u201d.&nbsp; The context of the sentence requires both these pronouns to refer to the \u201cleaders\u201d.&nbsp; Furthermore, the expression \u201cfor signing\u201d is not appropriate.&nbsp; The sentence expresses an intention here \u2013 leaders agreed to do something.&nbsp; Thus, the more appropriate expression is \u201cto sign\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 id=\"h-review-answer-choices-to-do-poe\">Review Answer choices to do POE<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Choice B \u2013 Even though this choice is grammatically correct, it is not the correct answer since it distorts the meaning of the original sentence.&nbsp; The sentence per choice B implies that the head of the World Bank would require the leaders to enforce stricter rules.&nbsp; Even though this is logical, it is not what the original sentence states.&nbsp; Per the original sentence, it is the treaty that will enforce these regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Choice C \u2013 This choice is grammatically correct but it no longer communicates the logical intended meaning of the sentence.&nbsp; By changing the \u201cthat modifier\u201d into a \u201cverb-ing modifier\u201d, this sentence now implies that merely by agreeing to sign this treaty would result in enforcement of stricter controls and regulations.&nbsp;&nbsp; This is clearly not the logical sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Choice D \u2013 Correct choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Choice E \u2013 This choice repeats the \u201cfor signing\u201d error as in choice A.&nbsp; Furthermore, the structure of this choice is such that now it is no longer clear what would require the leaders to enforce stricter controls. \u2013 the World Bank or the treaty.&nbsp; Notice carefully the change in placement of the modifiers in this choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 id=\"h-takeaways\">Takeaways<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Understand the intended meaning of the sentence well before you review the answer choices.&nbsp; If you do not do so, you may mark the seemingly correct choice as the correct answer when this choice, in fact, changes the meaning of the sentence.<\/li><li>Notice carefully any change in the modifier structure itself.&nbsp; The changed modifier may change the meaning of the sentence while still being grammatically correct and\/or logically sound.<\/li><li>Use \u201cto verb\u201d to present intention.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<h4>Example 2 &#8211; Darpa<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>DARPA\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/dangerroom\/2011\/08\/pentagons-mach-20-missile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external noreferrer\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">Falcon Hypersonic Technology Vehicle<\/a> can fly as fast as 6X the speed of sound and can attack a target 2000 miles away in 30 minutes, its engine\u2019s thrust prevented from dissipating in the stratosphere by its conical unibody design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>its engine\u2019s thrust prevented from dissipating in the stratosphere by its conical unibody design<\/li><li>preventing its engine\u2019s thrust from dissipating in the stratosphere because of its conical unibody design<\/li><li>preventing the dissipation of its engine\u2019s thrust in the stratosphere due to its conical unibody design<\/li><li>prevented its engine\u2019s thrust from being dissipated in the stratosphere by its conical unibody design<\/li><li>its engine\u2019s thrust is prevented from&nbsp; being dissipated in the stratosphere because of its conical unibody design<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 id=\"h-understand-the-meaning-of-the-original-sentence-1\">Understand the Meaning of the Original Sentence<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The sentence presents a fact about DARPA\u2019s Falcon Hypersonic Technology Vehicle (FHTV).&nbsp; It states that this vehicle can fly as fast as 6 times the speed of sound.&nbsp; It can attack a target 2000 miles away in 30 minutes.&nbsp; Then the sentence presents the reason why such performance is achievable.&nbsp; The engine\u2019s thrust is prevented from being dissipated in the stratosphere.&nbsp; This is because of the conical unibody design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 id=\"h-find-the-errors-in-the-original-sentence-1\">Find the Errors in the Original Sentence<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>DARPA\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/dangerroom\/2011\/08\/pentagons-mach-20-missile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener external noreferrer\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">Falcon Hypersonic Technology Vehicle<\/a> can fly as fast as 6X the speed of sound and can attack a target 2000 miles away in 30 minutes, its engine\u2019s thrust prevented from dissipating in the stratosphere by its conical unibody design.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This sentence contains a single clause with the SV pair highlighted.&nbsp; The underlined portion of the sentence contains a modifier \u2013 a noun + noun modifier structure.&nbsp; This modifier provides further information about how the vehicle can fly this fast and can attack this fast and this far away.&nbsp; The sentence has no grammatical errors and communicates the meaning very clearly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 id=\"h-review-answer-choices-to-do-poe-1\">Review Answer choices to do POE<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Choice B \u2013 Even though grammatically correct, this choice distorts the meaning of the sentence since now it uses \u201cverb-ing modifier\u201d in place of \u201cnoun + noun modifier\u201d.&nbsp; Thus instead of now presenting a mechanism of how the vehicle is this fast, it presents the following two meanings, both of which are illogical:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>The vehicle itself prevents its thrust from dissipating \u2013 Illogical.<\/li><li>The vehicle goes this fast and this results in preventing its thrust from dissipating. \u2013 Reversed causal relationship &#8211; hence illogical.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Choice C \u2013 Same errors as in Choice B.&nbsp; Furthermore, \u201cdue to\u201d is not used correctly.&nbsp; Here it may illogically imply that the dissipation of thrust is due to conical design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Choice D \u2013 Use of verb-ed modifier in this sentence is not correct.&nbsp; Typically these modifiers are used to modify the nouns.&nbsp; Even if they are used to modify the clauses, they associate with the subject of the clause, and this is non-sensical in the context of this sentence as discussed in choice B analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Choice E \u2013 This choice connects two independent clauses using a comma. However, a semicolon should be used.&nbsp; Furthermore, this choice is very wordy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 id=\"h-takeaways-1\">Takeaways<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Understand the meaning of the original sentence and determine the role of each modifier.<\/li><li>Be cautious of change of structure of modifiers since such changes even though grammatically correct may distort the meaning of the sentence.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s a list of the articles in the complete series:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/5-strategies-how-gmat-distort-meaning\/\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">5 Strategies that GMAT uses to distort meaning &#8211; Part 1 &#8211; Modifiers (Update 2018)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-2-use-of-modifiers\/\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT and Meaning &#8211; Part 2: Strategy 2 \u2013 Use of Modifiers<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-3-change-of-conjunctions\/\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT and Meaning &#8211; Part 3: Strategy 3 \u2013 Change of Conjunctions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-4-strategy-4-change-of-voice\/\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT and Meaning &#8211; Part 4: Strategy 4 \u2013 Change of Voice<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-5-change-remove-words-that-provide-context\/\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT and Meaning &#8211; Part 5 &#8211; Change\/Remove Words that provide Context<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><strong>If you are planning to take the GMAT, we can help you with a personalized study plan and give you access to quality online content to prepare.<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>Write to us at&nbsp;<a href=\"mailto:acethegmat@e-gmat.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">acethegmat@e-gmat.com<\/a>. We are the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/gmatclub.com\/reviews\/e-gmat-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener external\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">most reviewed GMAT prep company on gmatclub<\/a>&nbsp;with more than 2400 reviews&nbsp;<\/strong>and are the only prep company that has delivered&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/e-gmat-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">more than 700+ scores than any other GMAT club partner<strong>.<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<strong>Why don\u2019t you take a free trial and judge for yourself?<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div class=\"ub-buttons align-button-center\"  id=\"ub-button-34fe839a-6a6f-43b1-bba4-fd56f397a97d\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/resources.e-gmat.com\/sign-up-free-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer external\" class=\"ub-button-block-main ub-button-medium\" role=\"button\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">\n    <div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\"><span class=\"ub-button-icon-holder\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"height=\"30\", width=\"30\"viewBox=\"0, 0, 512, 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M256 0C114.6 0 0 114.6 0 256c0 141.4 114.6 256 256 256s256-114.6 256-256C512 114.6 397.4 0 256 0zM406.6 278.6l-103.1 103.1c-12.5 12.5-32.75 12.5-45.25 0s-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L306.8 288H128C110.3 288 96 273.7 96 256s14.31-32 32-32h178.8l-49.38-49.38c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l103.1 103.1C414.6 241.3 416 251.1 416 256C416 260.9 414.6 270.7 406.6 278.6z\"><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Start your free trial<\/span>\n    <\/div><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/resources.e-gmat.com\/take-sigma-x-mock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer external\" class=\"ub-button-block-main ub-button-medium\" role=\"button\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">\n    <div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\"><span class=\"ub-button-icon-holder\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"height=\"30\", width=\"30\"viewBox=\"0, 0, 448, 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M246.6 233.4l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.75-12.5-45.25 0s-12.5 32.75 0 45.25L178.8 256l-137.4 137.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.75 0 45.25C47.63 444.9 55.81 448 64 448s16.38-3.125 22.62-9.375l160-160C259.1 266.1 259.1 245.9 246.6 233.4zM438.6 233.4l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.75-12.5-45.25 0s-12.5 32.75 0 45.25L370.8 256l-137.4 137.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.75 0 45.25C239.6 444.9 247.8 448 256 448s16.38-3.125 22.62-9.375l160-160C451.1 266.1 451.1 245.9 438.6 233.4z\"><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Take a free mock<\/span>\n    <\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article is the second in series of &#8220;5 Strategies that GMAT uses to distort meaning&#8220;. In the previous article, we had discussed the first strategy &#8211; &#8220;Placement of Modifiers&#8220;. In this one, we&#8217;ll be discussing the second strategy &#8211; &#8220;Use of Modifiers&#8221;, along with official questions and explanations. The links for the other three [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":79663,"featured_media":17422,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[94,1,95],"tags":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning.png","author_info":{"display_name":"Juhi Gupta","author_link":"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/author\/juhie-gmat-com\/"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v17.1.1 (Yoast SEO v17.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>GMAT and Meaning - Part 2: Strategy 2 \u2013 Use of Modifiers | e-GMAT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Use of modifiers on GMAT. This article is second in series &quot;5 Strategies that GMAT uses to distort meaning&quot; Let&#039;s discuss official questions &amp; explanations.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-2-use-of-modifiers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GMAT and Meaning - Part 2: Strategy 2 \u2013 Use of Modifiers\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Use of modifiers on GMAT. This article is second in series &quot;5 Strategies that GMAT uses to distort meaning&quot; Let&#039;s discuss official questions &amp; explanations.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-2-use-of-modifiers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"e-GMAT Blog | Best GMAT blog on the planet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/E-Gmat-499275643430980\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-11-12T06:48:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-24T11:20:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1125\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@e_GMAT\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@e_GMAT\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Juhi Gupta\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/#organization\",\"name\":\"e-GMAT\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/E-Gmat-499275643430980\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rajat-sadana-ba459a\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/eGMATconcepts\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/e_GMAT\"],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/#logo\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/logo-full.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/logo-full.png\",\"width\":908,\"height\":802,\"caption\":\"e-GMAT\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/#logo\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/\",\"name\":\"e-GMAT Blog | Best GMAT blog on the planet\",\"description\":\"Prepare for your GMAT and MBA journey\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-2-use-of-modifiers\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Strategy-2-\\u2013-Use-of-Modifiers-GMAT-Meaning.png\",\"width\":2000,\"height\":1125,\"caption\":\"Strategy 2 \\u2013 Use of Modifiers - GMAT Meaning\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-2-use-of-modifiers\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-2-use-of-modifiers\/\",\"name\":\"GMAT and Meaning - Part 2: Strategy 2 \\u2013 Use of Modifiers | e-GMAT\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-gmat.com\/blogs\/gmat-and-meaning-part-2-use-of-modifiers\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2018-11-12T06:48:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-24T11:20:40+00:00\",\"description\":\"Use of modifiers on GMAT. 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